Coenzyme Q for heart disease -
However, more and more research shows that a common supplement could give your heart and blood vessels a healthy boost. This natural substance in the body is also found in foods like organ meats such as liver or kidneys , sardines, mackerel, chicken, cauliflower, broccoli, spinach, and asparagus.
Low levels of CoQ10 in your body may mean that you have a greater risk for problems like heart disease. In a recent review study , researchers studied the effect of CoQ10 supplements on a substance called C-reactive protein CRP. Elevated CRP levels in the blood mean that a person probably has a high level of inflammation somewhere in the body.
People with even slightly elevated levels of CRP have been shown to have a greater risk for problems like heart attacks and strokes. The study results showed that CoQ10 lowered CRP levels, as well as levels of another substance in the body, IL-6, which also increases with inflammation.
In other new research , scientists looked at the effects of a special version of CoQ10 on the health of blood vessels that carry blood to the heart. The study included 20 men and women aged 60 to C oenzyme Q10 CoQ10 is a naturally occurring vitamin-like substance that has three functions of relevance to cardiovascular function: i its key role in the biochemical process supplying cardiac cells with energy; ii its role as a cell membrane protecting antioxidant; iii its direct effect on genes involved in inflammation and lipid metabolism.
Although some CoQ10 is obtained from the diet, most is manufactured within the liver, the capacity for which declines with age. These data therefore provide a rationale for the importance of CoQ10 in cardiovascular function, and its dietary supplementation.
The objective of this article is therefore to provide a brief overview of the pharmacology of CoQ10, and its role in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. Coenzyme Q10 CoQ10 is a naturally occurring vitamin-like substance, first characterised in by Professor Fred Crane at the University of Wisconsin.
CoQ10 is also known as ubiquinone, because of its ubiquitous distribution in all body tissues. Coenzyme quinones occur in several chemical forms, with CoQ10 being the only form found in human tissues figure 1. CoQ10 plays a vital role in the biochemical mechanism supplying cells with energy, acting in conjunction with enzymes hence the name CoQ10 to convert sugars and fat into energy.
The action of CoQ10 is of particular importance in tissues with a high energy requirement, such as cardiac muscle. CoQ10 is also important as an antioxidant within the body. The objective of this article is, therefore, to provide an overview of the pharmacology of CoQ10, and its role in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease.
CoQ10 is an essential cofactor of enzymes involved in the process that supplies all cells with energy cellular respiration. Specifically, CoQ10 is an intermediate in the electron transport system that generates energy in the chemical form of adenosine triphosphate ATP , shuttling electrons from complexes I and II to complex III of the mitochondrial respiratory chain figure 2.
Tissues with a high energy requirement, especially the heart and skeletal muscles, contain higher numbers of mitochondria within their cells, and are particularly reliant on maintaining adequate tissue CoQ10 levels for normal functioning.
CoQ10 occurs in cells in two closely related forms, oxidised ubiquinone and reduced ubiquinol figure 1. The interconversion between these two forms is essential for the normal functioning of CoQ10 figure 2. CoQ10 is important within the body as a major fat-soluble antioxidant, protecting cell membranes particularly those of mitochondria from the damaging effects of free radicals.
CoQ10 is the only lipid soluble antioxidant produced within the body, and for which there is enzymatic ability for its continual regeneration.
When ubiquinone acts as a coenzyme for mitochondrial ATP production, it is reduced to ubiquinol; this, in turn, is readily oxidised back to ubiquinone via its interaction with free radicals continually generated as by-products of oxidative phosphorylation figure 2.
Most recently, gene expression profiling has shown that CoQ10 influences the expression of several hundred genes. In particular, studies in cell culture, animal models and human subjects have shown that CoQ10 can directly regulate gene expression relevant to inflammation and fat metabolism.
Although some CoQ10 approx. It has been estimated that the population of Denmark, for example, obtain only 3—5 mg of CoQ10 per day from their normal dietary sources.
It is of note that CoQ10 shares a common synthetic pathway with cholesterol figure 3. As people age, the capacity of the body to produce CoQ10 decreases; optimal production occurs around the mid-twenties, with a continual decrease thereafter figure 4. CoQ10 levels can also be depleted by intense exercise, certain types of prescription medicines, and by illness.
Dietary supplementation with CoQ10, therefore, provides a mechanism to maintain adequate levels within the body.
However, it is important to note that the pharmaceutical quality and bioavailability of CoQ10 supplements from different manufacturers may vary widely see following section. Most cases of deficiency result from factors such as ageing or the effects of drugs such as statins secondary deficiency.
Bioavailability is defined as the proportion of an orally administered substance that reaches the systemic circulation. CoQ10 is a fat-soluble substance. Following emulsification and micelle formation, CoQ10 is absorbed by mucosal cells of the small intestine, as for any other dietary fat.
CoQ10 is then transported via chylomicrons by the lymphatic system to the liver, where it is released into the blood in association with lipoproteins very-low-density lipoprotein [VLDL], low-density lipoprotein [LDL], high-density lipoprotein [HDL].
For dietary supplements, oil-based formulations show enhanced bioavailability. Absorption of CoQ10 is non-linear, with increasing doses absorbed to a decreasing degree.
Higher daily doses of CoQ10 are, therefore, best taken in mg split doses. When first manufactured, CoQ10 is produced in a crystalline form that cannot be absorbed from the digestive tract. In CoQ10 supplements, this crystalline form must be further treated to break it down into individual molecules to enable absorption figure 5 , and most importantly, the crystals should not re-form within the capsule.
Supplement manufacturers vary in their ability to fulfil these requirements. For ubiquinone, maximum plasma concentration is reached after approximately six hours, and the half-life is approximately 33 hours, resulting in the time to pharmacological steady state being rather prolonged 1—2 weeks.
Normal plasma levels are in the range 0. Supplementation with mg CoQ10 twice daily has been reported to raise blood levels from 0.
Early studies on cardiovascular disease were hampered by a shortage of supply of CoQ10, poor absorption of CoQ10 in its original crystalline form, and insufficient daily dosage 30—60 mg. However, subsequent studies demonstrated supplementation with CoQ10 had significant benefits in cardiovascular disease, particularly heart failure, as detailed in the following sections.
CoQ10 is available as a licensed medicine within the EU as Myoqinon ® ; however, in the UK, Myoqinon ® is classified as an unlicensed medicine.
Work on CoQ10 and CHF was pioneered in the s by Per Langsjoen, Karl Folkers and Gian Paolo Littarru. They established that patients with CHF had reduced levels of CoQ10 in blood and cardiac tissue, with the degree of deficiency correlating with the severity of heart failure.
They further carried out the first clinical trial of CoQ10 in CHF, establishing long-term efficacy and safety in more than patients over a period of six years.
Most subsequent clinical studies of whichever type have described significant clinical benefit following supplementation with CoQ For example, 24 out of 28 randomised-controlled studies of CoQ10 supplementation in heart failure over a year period to reported positive outcomes.
Some of these studies have been criticised as being underpowered; however, such criticism cannot be applied, for example, to the study by Morisco et al. Some studies, such as that by Watson et al.
To date there have been three meta-analyses relating to CoQ10 supplementation and CHF, all of which identified significant improvement in parameters such as ejection fraction.
Most clinical trial studies to determine the efficacy and safety of CoQ10 have used the ubiquinone form. The Q-SYMBIO study is the first randomised-controlled trial adequately powered and of sufficient duration to determine the efficacy of CoQ10 supplementation on morbidity and mortality risk in heart failure patients.
Q-SYMBIO was a long-term two-year , randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-centre trial in patients with chronic heart failure NYHA class III or IV.
Assessment included clinical examination, echocardiography and pro-brain natriuretic peptide pro-BNP biochemical marker status. The primary long-term end point was time to first major adverse cardiovascular event MACE , which included unplanned hospitalisation due to worsening heart failure and cardiovascular death.
There was no significant difference in adverse events between the CoQ10 treated and placebo groups over the duration of the study. It should be noted that in short-term assessment at 16 weeks , there was no significant improvement in patient symptoms or functional status following CoQ10 supplementation compared with placebo.
It is of relevance to compare the outcome of the Q-SYMBIO study with that of the recently published PARADIGM Prospective comparison of ARNI with ACEI to Determine Impact on Global Mortality and morbidity in Heart Failure trial study. CoQ10 may protect against atherosclerosis by inhibiting the oxidation of LDL-cholesterol.
Despite a relatively low level of CoQ10 0. In addition to protecting LDL-cholesterol from oxidation, CoQ10 may also inhibit its synthesis. Supplementation with CoQ10 induces characteristic gene expression patterns, which are translated into reduced LDL-cholesterol levels. In a double-blind, randomised-controlled trial, Singh et al.
This was an additional benefit to optimal lipid-lowering therapy provided by lovastatin administration. Similarly, Lee et al. A meta-analysis carried out by Gao et al.
The primary action of CoQ10 in hypertension is vasodilation, via direct effects on the endothelium and vascular smooth muscle. Hypertension is associated with an increase in oxidative stress, manifest by increased production of superoxide radicals within blood vessels; these in turn react with endothelial nitric oxide to reduce the availability of this chemical messenger, thereby reducing the ability of the endothelium to induce nitric oxide-mediated relaxation of vascular smooth muscle, and hence vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure.
Several clinical studies have reported that supplementation with CoQ10 can significantly reduce blood pressure in hypertensive patients, without adverse effects. Thus, a randomised-controlled, double-blind trial of 60 patients receiving conventional antihypertensive medication was carried out by Singh et al.
A randomised-controlled, double-blind trial of patients with isolated systolic hypertension was reported by Burke et al. A meta-analysis by Rosenfeldt et al. CoQ10 appeared effective as an antihypertensive agent either alone, or in combination with conventional antihypertensive drugs.
The KiSel study was carried out on the elderly population of the Kinda region of Stockholm, who were given supplemental selenium and CoQ10 hence KiSel A five-year, prospective, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in individuals aged 70—88 years. Participants were assigned µg selenium SelenoPrecise and mg CoQ10 Bio-Quinone Q10 daily, or placebo.
Assessment included clinical examination, echocardiography and the biochemical marker of heart tissue stress, N-terminal pro-BNP NT-proBNP. In addition, cardiac function assessed by electrocardiogram ECG and NT-proBNP levels were significantly improved in the treatment group compared with placebo.
Statins are potent inhibitors of 3-hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A HMGCoA reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. Adverse effects, particularly skeletal muscle pain and weakness, may occur in a significant number of patients; variation from mild myalgia to rhabdomyolysis has been rationalised in terms of genetic susceptibility.
The inhibitory effect of statins on cholesterol biosynthesis is not selective, resulting in the inhibition of several non-sterol isoprenoid end products, including CoQ Statins also inhibit the synthesis of vitamin K2, a cofactor for matrix Gla-protein activation, which, in turn, protects arteries from calcification.
Statins inhibit the synthesis of several selenoproteins, including thioreductase redoxin 1, which plays a key role in the interconversion of oxidised and reduced forms of CoQ In this regard, a randomised-controlled trial by Caso et al. More recently, a number of randomised-controlled trials, each comprising approximately 50—60 patients receiving statin therapy, have similarly reported significant benefits following CoQ10 supplementation.
Thus Fedacko et al. Pourmoghaddas et al. Skarlovnik et al. However, not all studies have found significant symptomatic benefit following CoQ10 supplementation. In contrast to the above studies, Bookstaver et al. Similarly, Bogsrud et al. This disparity in outcomes between different studies has been ascribed to differences in supplement bioavailability, and methodological differences in pain assessment.
The supply of CoQ10 via National Health Service NHS prescription for statin-related myalgia is currently not recommended. In Canada, the packaging of statin drugs is required to include a so-called black box warning, recommending the drugs be taken in conjunction with CoQ The safety of CoQ10 has been assessed by Hidaka et al.
Very rarely, individuals may experience mild gastrointestinal disturbance. There are no known toxic effects, and CoQ10 cannot be overdosed. In addition, Yamaguchi et al. CoQ10 is not recommended for pregnant or lactating women, in whom the effects of CoQ10 have not been extensively studied.
The safety of CoQ10 has been confirmed in more than randomised-controlled trials, on a wide range of disorders. The product Myoqinon ® mg CoQ10 capsules has a marketing authorisation within the EU for the adjuvant treatment of CHF. As part of the licensing procedure, periodic safety update reports PSURs have to be submitted every three years.
In a sample PSUR, over a three-year period the supply of 1. CoQ10 has at least three functions of relevance to the cardiovascular system, namely its role in cellular energy production, its role as an antioxidant, and its role in gene expression. These functions, in turn, provide the basis for the plausibility of action of CoQ10 in the management of CHF, atherosclerosis and hypertension, as outlined above.
Because CoQ10 is classed as a nutritional supplement, there is a common misconception that there is little or no evidence to support its use in the management of cardiovascular disease.
To date there are more than articles published in the peer-reviewed medical literature listed on the Medline database, including more than 60 double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trials.
Of course, not all of these articles have reported positive findings with regard to CoQ10 and cardiovascular disease, but the balance of published evidence supports a beneficial role for CoQ10 in the management of cardiovascular disease, as detailed in this review. There are presently more than randomised-controlled, clinical trials listed on Medline, in which CoQ10 has been investigated in a wide range of disorders.
None of these studies have reported significant adverse effects arising from CoQ10 supplementation. To be effective, CoQ10 needs to be given in sufficient dosage and for sufficient duration.
The author acts as a medical adviser to Pharma Nord UK Ltd, a manufacturer of CoQ10 products. Schmelzer C, Lindner I, Rimbach G et al.
Function of coenzyme Q10 in inflammation and gene expression. Biofactors ; 32 — Yubero-Serrano EM, Gonzalez-Guarelia L, Rangel O et al. Mediterranean diet supplemented with coenzyme Q10 modifies the expression of pro-inflammatory and endoplasmic reticulum stress-related genes in elderly men and women.
J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci ; 67 :3— Lee BJ, Huang YC, Chen SJ et al. Effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on inflammatory markers C-reactive protein, IL-6, homocysteine in patients with coronary artery disease.
Nutrition ; 28 — Weber C, Bysted A, Hilmer G. The coenzyme Q10 content of the average Danish diet. Int J Vitam Nutr Res ; 67 —9. Quinzii CM, DiMauro S, Hirano M. Human CoQ10 deficiency. Neurochem Res ; 32 —7. Weis M, Mortensen SA, Rassing MR et al. Bioavailability of four oral coenzyme Q10 formulations in healthy volunteers.
Mol Aspects Med ; 15 — Langsjoen PH, Langsjoen AM. Overview of the use of CoQ10 in cardiovascular disease. Biofactors ; 9 — Langsjoen PH, Langsjoen PH, Folkers K.
A six year clinical study of therapy of cardiomyopathy with coenzyme Q Int J Tissue React ; 12 — Morisco C, Trimarco B, Condorelli M. Effect of coenzyme Q10 therapy in patients with congestive heart failure: a long term multicentre randomised study.
Clin Invest ; 71 —6. Watson PS, Scalia GM, Galbraith A et al. Lack of effect of CoQ10 on left ventricular function in patients with congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol ; 33 — Langsjoen PH.
Jump Muscle building chest workouts diseas. Heart Enhance liver health is Coenzyke term used to describe hearr state that develops when hear heart cannot maintain adequate Muscle building chest workouts output, or can do so only at the expense of Coenzymf the heart chambers. People with heart Coensyme commonly experience a relapsing and remitting disease course, with periods of stability and episodes of decompensation failure to cope with heart damageleading to worsening symptoms that necessitate hospitalisation. Treatment options for heart failure range from drugs to heart transplantation, with each having its own limitations. Coenzyme Q10 or ubiquinone has been suggested as a treatment option in some trials. Coenzyme Q10 is a non-prescription nutritional supplement. It is a fat-soluble molecule that has a role in energy production within the cells of the body.Video
VIDEO: The Importance of Coenzyme Q10 for the Heart - touch-kiosk.infoCoenzyme Q for heart disease -
If you are being treated with any of the following medications, you should not use CoQ10 without first talking to your health care provider. Chemotherapy medications: Researchers are not sure whether CoQ10's antioxidant effect might make some chemotherapy drugs less effective. Ask your oncologist before taking antioxidants or any supplement along with chemotherapy.
Daunorubicin and doxorubicin: CoQ10 may help reduce the toxic effects on the heart caused by daunorubicin Cerubidin and doxorubicin Adriamycin , two chemotherapy medications that are used to treat several kinds of cancer.
Blood pressure medications: CoQ10 may work with blood pressure medications to lower blood pressure. In a clinical study of people taking blood pressure medications, adding CoQ10 supplements allowed them to reduce the doses of these medications.
More research is needed, however. If you take medication for high blood pressure, talk to your provider before taking CoQ10, and DO NOT stop taking your regular medication. Blood-thinning medications: There have been reports that CoQ10 may make medications such as warfarin Coumadin or clopidigrel Plavix less effective at thinning the blood.
If you take blood thinners, ask your provider before taking CoQ Betaxolol Betoptic : CoQ10 supplements may reduce the heart-related side effects of betaxolol drops Betoptic , a beta-blocker medication used to treat glaucoma, without making the medication any less effective.
Aguilaniu H, Durieux J, Dillin A. Metabolism, ubiquinone synthesis, and longevity. Genes Dev. Beal MF. Therapeutic effects of coenzyme Q10 in neurodegenerative diseases. Methods Enzymol.
Belardinelli R, Mucaj A, Lacalaprice F, et al. Eur Heart J. Berthold HK, Naini A, Di Mauro S, Hallikainen M, Gylling H, Krone W, Gouni-Berthold I.
Drug Saf. Caso G, Kelly P, McNurlan MA, Lawson WE. Effect of coenzyme q10 on myopathyic symptoms in patients treated with statins. Am J Cardiol. Dhanasekaran M, Ren J.
The emerging role of coenzyme Q in aging, neurodegeneration, cardiovascular disease, cancer and diabetes mellitus.
Curr Neurovasc Res. de Bustos F, Molina JA, Jimenez-Jimenz FJ, Garcia-Redondo A, Gomez-Escalonilla C, Porta-Etessam J, et al. Serum levels of coenzyme Q10 in patients with Alzheimer's disease. J Neural Transm. Heck AM, DeWitt BA, Lukes AL. Potential interactions between alternative therapies and warfarin.
Am J Health-System Pharm. Hodgson JM, Watts GF, Playford DA, et al. Coenzyme Q 10 improves blood pressure and glycaemic control: a controlled trial in subjects with type 2 diabetes.
Eur J Clin Nutr. Khan M, Gross J, Haupt H, et al. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. Khatta M, Alexander BS, Krichten CM, Fisher ML, Freudenberger R, Robinson SW et al.
The effect of conenzyme Q10 in patients with congestive heart failure. Ann Int Med. Kolahdouz Mohammadi R, Hosseinzadeh-Attar MJ, Eshraghian MR, Nakhjavani M, Khorami E, Esteghamati A. The effect of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on metabolic status of type 2 diabetic patients.
Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol. Lafuente R, Gonzalez-Comadran M, Sola I, et al. Conezyme Q10 and male infertility: a meta-analysis. J Assist Reprod Genet. Langsjoen PH, Langsjoen JO, Langsjoen AM, Lucas LA.
Treatment of statin adverse effects with supplemental Coenzyme Q10 and statin drug discontinuation. Lee BJ, Tseng YF, Yen CH, Lin PT. Nutr J. Levy G, Kaufmann P, Buchsbaum R, et al. Madmani ME, Yusuf Solaiman A, Tamr Agha K, et al. Coenzyme Q10 for heart failure.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. McCarty MF. Toward practical prevention of type 2 diabetes. Med Hypotheses. Nahas R. Complementary and alternative medicine approaches to blood pressure reduction: An evidence-based review. Can Fam Physician.
Ochiai A, Itagaki S, Kurokawa T, Kobayashi M, Hirano T, Iseki K. Improvement in intestinal coenzyme q10 absorption by food intake.
Ubiquinol, the active antioxidant form of CoQ10, is made in the body from ubiquinone. As we age, the levels of both forms drop. As early as age 20, the amount of ubiquinone our bodies produce begins to drop.
Compounding the problem, the body also loses its ability to make ubiquinol from ubiquinone. Most dietary supplements contain ubiquinone and are relatively cost effective, while ubiquinol supplements, which may be of most benefit as we age, can be harder to find and more expensive.
A simple blood test is available to measure CoQ10 levels. A shortage of this antioxidant may lead to oxidative stress, which increases the risk for a range of disorders, including CVD.
Cholesterol-lowering statins may also reduce blood levels of CoQ Recent studies suggest that CoQ10, either alone or combined with other therapies, may be beneficial for the following conditions. What is Coenzyme Q10? What are the different forms of CoQ10?
How does CoQ10 affect heart health? Cardiovascular disease CVD. CoQ10 has at least three functions of relevance to the cardiovascular system, namely its role in cellular energy production, its role as an antioxidant, and its role in gene expression.
These functions, in turn, provide the basis for the plausibility of action of CoQ10 in the management of CHF, atherosclerosis and hypertension, as outlined above. Because CoQ10 is classed as a nutritional supplement, there is a common misconception that there is little or no evidence to support its use in the management of cardiovascular disease.
To date there are more than articles published in the peer-reviewed medical literature listed on the Medline database, including more than 60 double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trials. Of course, not all of these articles have reported positive findings with regard to CoQ10 and cardiovascular disease, but the balance of published evidence supports a beneficial role for CoQ10 in the management of cardiovascular disease, as detailed in this review.
There are presently more than randomised-controlled, clinical trials listed on Medline, in which CoQ10 has been investigated in a wide range of disorders. None of these studies have reported significant adverse effects arising from CoQ10 supplementation. To be effective, CoQ10 needs to be given in sufficient dosage and for sufficient duration.
The author acts as a medical adviser to Pharma Nord UK Ltd, a manufacturer of CoQ10 products. Schmelzer C, Lindner I, Rimbach G et al.
Function of coenzyme Q10 in inflammation and gene expression. Biofactors ; 32 — Yubero-Serrano EM, Gonzalez-Guarelia L, Rangel O et al. Mediterranean diet supplemented with coenzyme Q10 modifies the expression of pro-inflammatory and endoplasmic reticulum stress-related genes in elderly men and women.
J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci ; 67 :3— Lee BJ, Huang YC, Chen SJ et al. Effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on inflammatory markers C-reactive protein, IL-6, homocysteine in patients with coronary artery disease.
Nutrition ; 28 — Weber C, Bysted A, Hilmer G. The coenzyme Q10 content of the average Danish diet. Int J Vitam Nutr Res ; 67 —9. Quinzii CM, DiMauro S, Hirano M.
Human CoQ10 deficiency. Neurochem Res ; 32 —7. Weis M, Mortensen SA, Rassing MR et al. Bioavailability of four oral coenzyme Q10 formulations in healthy volunteers. Mol Aspects Med ; 15 — Langsjoen PH, Langsjoen AM.
Overview of the use of CoQ10 in cardiovascular disease. Biofactors ; 9 — Langsjoen PH, Langsjoen PH, Folkers K. A six year clinical study of therapy of cardiomyopathy with coenzyme Q Int J Tissue React ; 12 — Morisco C, Trimarco B, Condorelli M.
Effect of coenzyme Q10 therapy in patients with congestive heart failure: a long term multicentre randomised study. Clin Invest ; 71 —6. Watson PS, Scalia GM, Galbraith A et al. Lack of effect of CoQ10 on left ventricular function in patients with congestive heart failure.
J Am Coll Cardiol ; 33 — Langsjoen PH. Lack of effect of Coq10 on left ventricular function in patients with congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol ; 35 — Soja AM, Mortensen SA. Treatment of congestive heart failure with coenzyme Q10 illuminated by meta-analyses of clinical trials.
Mol Aspects Med ; 18 — Sander S, Coleman C, Patel AA. The impact of coenzyme Q10 on systolic function in patients with chronic heart failure. J Card Fail ; 12 — Fotino AD, Paul AM, Bazzano LA. Effect of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on heart failure: a meta-analysis.
Am J Clin Nutr ; 97 — Supplemental ubiquinol in patients with advanced congestive heart failure. Mortensen SA, Rosenfeldt F, Kumar A et al. The effect of coenzyme Q10 on morbidity and mortality in chronic heart failure. JACC Heart Fail ; 2 —9. McMurray JJV, Packer M, Desai AS et al.
Angiotensin-neprilysin inhibition versus enalapril in heart failure. N Engl J Med ; — Stocker R, Bowry VW, Frei B. Ubiquinol protects human low density lipoprotein more efficiently against lipid peroxidation than does alpha tocopherol.
Proc Natl Acad Sci ; 88 — Tomasetti M, Alleva R, Solenghi MD et al. Alleva R, Tomasetti M, Littarru GP et al. The roles of coenzyme Q10 and vitamin E on the peroxidation of human low density lipoprotein subfractions.
Proc Natl Acad Sci ; 92 — Schmelzer C, Niklowitz P, Okun J et al. Ubiquinol induced gene expression signatures are translated into altered parameters of erythropoiesis and reduced low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in humans.
IUBMB Life ; 63 —8. Singh RB, Neki NS, Kartikey K et al. Effect of CoQ10 on risk of atherosclerosis in patients with recent myocardial infarction. Mol Cell Biochem ; — Lee BJ, Tseng YF, Yen CH et al. Effects of CoQ10 supplementation on antioxidation and anti-inflammatory in coronary artery disease patients during statins therapy: a randomized placebo controlled trial.
Nutr J ; 12 —9. Gao L, Mao Q, Cao J et al. Effects of coenzyme Q10 on vascular endothelial function in humans: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Atherosclerosis ; — Singh RB, Niaz MA, Rastogi SS et al.
Effect of hydrosoluble COQ10 on blood pressure and insulin resistance in hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease. J Hum Hypertens ; 13 — Burke BE, Neuenschwander R, Olsen RD. Randomized double blind placebo controlled trial of coenzyme Q10 in isolated systolic hypertension.
South Med J ; 94 — Rosenfeldt FL, Haas SJ, Krum H et al. Coenzyme Q10 in the treatment of hypertension: a meta-analysis of clinical trials.
J Hum Hypertens ; 21 — Alehagen U, Johansson P, Bjornstedt M, Rosen A, Dohlstrom U. Cardiovascular mortality and N-terminal proBNP reduced after combined selenium and CoQ10 supplementation: a 5-year prospective randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial among elderly Swedish citizens.
Int J Cardiol ; —6. Okuyama H, Langsjoen PH, Hamazaki T et al. Statins stimulate atherosclerosis and heart failure: pharmacological mechanisms.
Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol ; 8 — Neddham M, Mastaglia FL. Statin myotoxicity: a review of genetic susceptibility factors. Neuromuscul Disord ; 24 :4— The clinical use of HMG CoA reductase inhibitors and the associated depletion of coenzyme Q A review of animal and human publications.
There is hsart shortcut to better heart heaet You diswase do need to Coenzyme Q for heart disease, eat well, and keep a healthy weight in Coenzyme Q for heart disease to have a healthy heart. However, more and dor research shows that a common supplement could give your Tackle water retention and ddisease vessels a healthy boost. Natural immunity enhancers natural substance Muscle building chest workouts the body is also found in foods like organ meats such as liver or kidneyssardines, mackerel, chicken, cauliflower, broccoli, spinach, and asparagus. Low levels of CoQ10 in your body may mean that you have a greater risk for problems like heart disease. In a recent review studyresearchers studied the effect of CoQ10 supplements on a substance called C-reactive protein CRP. Elevated CRP levels in the blood mean that a person probably has a high level of inflammation somewhere in the body. People with even slightly elevated levels of CRP have been shown to have a greater risk for problems like heart attacks and strokes. C oenzyme Q10 CoQ10 is a naturally occurring Coenzyme Q for heart disease substance that has three functions of Cpenzyme to Coenzyms function: i its key role in the biochemical process Coenzyme Q for heart disease dosease cells with energy; ii its Protein-rich foods as a Diisease membrane hart antioxidant; iii heatr direct Coenzyke on genes involved hearr Coenzyme Q for heart disease Vigilance and Alertness lipid metabolism. Although Coenzyne CoQ10 is Cognitive skills training from the diet, most is manufactured within the liver, the capacity for which declines with age. These data therefore provide a rationale for the importance of CoQ10 in cardiovascular function, and its dietary supplementation. The objective of this article is therefore to provide a brief overview of the pharmacology of CoQ10, and its role in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. Coenzyme Q10 CoQ10 is a naturally occurring vitamin-like substance, first characterised in by Professor Fred Crane at the University of Wisconsin. CoQ10 is also known as ubiquinone, because of its ubiquitous distribution in all body tissues. Coenzyme quinones occur in several chemical forms, with CoQ10 being the only form found in human tissues figure 1.
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