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The #1 Best Remedy to Clean Plaque From Your ArteriesBeta-carotene and cardiovascular health -
Hu G, Cassano PA. Antioxidant nutrients and pulmonary function: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey NHANES III. Am J Epidemiol. Itsiopoulos C, Hodge A, Kaimakamis M.
Can the Mediterranean diet prevent prostate cancer? Jeong NH, et al. Preoperative levels of plasma micronutrients are related to endometrial cancer risk. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. Liu C, Wang XD, Mucci L, Gaziano JM, Zhang SM.
Modulation of lung molecular biomarkers by beta-carotene in the Physicians' Health Study. Mathew MC, Ervin AM, Tao J, Davis RM. Antioxidant vitamin supplementation for preventing and slowing the progression of age-related cataract.
Mondul AM, Sampson JN, Moore SC, et al. Metabolomic profile of response to supplementation with B-carotene in the alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study. Pryor WA, Stahl W, Rock CL. Beta carotene: from biochemistry to clinical trials.
Riccioni G, D'Orazio N, Salvatore C, Franceschelli S, Pesce M, Speranza L. Carotenoids and vitamins C and E in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. Roodenburg AJ, Leenen R, van het Hof KH, Weststrate JA, Tijburg LB.
Amount of fat in the diet affects bioavailability of lutein esters but not of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and vitamin E in humans. Sluijs I, Beulens JW, Grobbee DE, van der Schouw YT. Dietary carotenoid intake is associated with lower prevalence of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and elderly men.
J Nutr. Sweetman, SC. Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference. London, UK; Pharmaceutical Press; Utsugi MT, Ohkubo T, Kikuya M, Kurimoto A, Sato RI, Suzuki K, et al. Fruit and vegetable consumption and the risk of hypertension determined by self measurement of blood pressure at home: the Ohasama study.
Hypertens Res. Virtamo J, Taylor PR, Kontto J, et al. Effects of a-tocopherol and B-carotene supplementation on cancer incidence and mortality: year postintervention follow-up of the Alpha-tocopherol, Beta-carotene Cancer Prevention Study.
Int J Cancer. Share Facebook Twitter Linkedin Email Home Health Library. Beta-carotene B-carotene; Betacarotenum; Provitamin A; Trans-beta-carotene. Therapeutic Uses Prevention Studies that look at big groups of people suggest that those who eat 4 or more daily servings of fruits and vegetables rich in beta-carotene may reduce their risk of developing heart disease or cancer.
Treatment Sun Sensitivity Studies suggest that high doses of beta-carotene may make people with a particular condition less sensitive to the sun. Age related Macular Degeneration A major clinical trial, the Age Related Eye Disease Study AREDS1 , found that people who had macular degeneration could slow its progression by taking zinc 80 mg , vitamin C mg , vitamin E mg , beta-carotene 15 mg , and copper 2 mg.
Metabolic Syndrome In one study of middle-aged and older men, those who ate more foods with carotenoids, mainly beta-carotene and lycopene, were less likely to have metabolic syndrome. Oral leukoplakia People with oral leukoplakia have white lesions in their mouths or on their tongues.
Scleroderma People with scleroderma, a connective tissue disorder characterized by hardened skin, have low levels of beta-carotene in their blood. Dietary Sources The richest sources of beta-carotene are yellow, orange, and green leafy fruits and vegetables such as carrots, spinach, lettuce, tomatoes, sweet potatoes, broccoli, cantaloupe, and winter squash.
Dosage and Administration Beta-carotene supplements are available in both capsule and gel forms. Pediatric Children should eat a healthy diet to make sure they get enough beta-carotene. For children younger than 14 with erythropoietic protoporphyria see Treatment section for brief description of this condition , your doctor can measure blood levels of beta-carotene and tell you the right dose.
Adult There is no Recommended Daily Allowance of beta-carotene. Some doctors may prescribe between 10, IU per day up to 83, IU. Try to get most of your daily dose from the foods you eat. Eating more fruits and vegetables will ensure you get enough beta-carotene, and will also give you the added benefits of other nutrients and antioxidants.
A total of Finnish male smokers aged 50 to 69 years with no history of myocardial infarction were randomly assigned to receive vitamin E 50 mg , beta carotene 20 mg , both agents, or placebo daily for 5 to 8 years median, 6.
Neither agent affected the incidence of nonfatal myocardial infarction. Conclusions Supplementation with a small dose of vitamin E has only marginal effect on the incidence of fatal coronary heart disease in male smokers with no history of myocardial infarction, but no influence on nonfatal myocardial infarction.
Supplementation with beta carotene has no primary preventive effect on major coronary events. In observational studies, use of vitamin E alpha tocopherol supplements has been associated with decreased risk for subsequent coronary events.
The initial results of The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study ATBC Study 6 indicated that there were fewer deaths due to coronary heart disease among subjects who received vitamin E supplements compared with those who did not, but more deaths among subjects who received beta carotene supplements compared with those who did not.
This report expands these findings by presenting the effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidences of primary nonfatal myocardial infarction and fatal coronary heart disease. The rationale, design, and methods of The ATBC Study have been described in detail elsewhere. Their smoking status and willingness to participate were ascertained in a postal survey.
Exclusion criteria were proven malignancy, severe angina pectoris angina from walking on level ground , chronic renal insufficiency, cirrhosis of the liver, alcoholism, other medical problems that might limit participation, use of anticoagulants, or use of supplements of vitamin E, vitamin A, or beta carotene in excess of predefined doses.
Randomization was performed in blocks of 8 within each of the 14 local study centers. Participants and all study staff remained blinded to the participants' intervention assignments throughout the trial. At baseline men reported a history of myocardial infarction diagnosed by a physician, leaving men for this study of primary prevention of myocardial infarction.
Of them, men had been randomized to receive vitamin E; to receive vitamin E and beta carotene; to receive beta carotene; and to receive placebo. Participants were recruited from through and supplementation continued for 5 to 8 years median, 6. The ATBC Study was approved by the review boards of the participating institutions, and all subjects provided written informed consent before randomization.
A data and safety monitoring committee convened twice annually throughout the study to review its progress and integrity and to evaluate data relevant to safety and efficacy. Fourteen local study centers administered by specially trained registered nurses were set up for the ATBC Study visits.
At the first baseline visit the men returned a questionnaire on general background characteristics and medical and smoking histories, which were sent to them by mail. The questionnaire was reviewed together with a study nurse.
Height, weight, and blood pressure were measured in a standardized manner. Two weeks later during their second baseline visit, the men returned a detailed dietary questionnaire that they reviewed together with a nurse.
After randomization the participants made 3 follow-up visits annually. During these visits the men were asked about their health illnesses and symptoms including self-perceived skin yellowing and smoking habits since the last visit. Once a year blood pressure and weight were measured.
The participants received a new supply of study capsules at each follow-up visit. Participants took 1 capsule daily and compliance was assessed by counts of the remaining capsules at each visit. Serum levels of total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, alpha tocopherol, and beta carotene were analyzed from both baseline and 3-year follow-up serum samples.
Cholesterol concentrations were determined enzymatically CHOD-PAP method, Boehringer Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol was measured after precipitation of very low-density and low-density lipoproteins with dextran sulfate sodium and magnesium chloride.
Determinations of alpha tocopherol and beta carotene levels were done by high-performance liquid chromatography. The end points of this study were primary nonfatal acute myocardial infarction and death from coronary heart disease, collectively called major coronary events.
Only the first event after randomization was registered as an end point. End points were identified from national registers. In Finland, all hospitalizations are registered in the Hospital Discharge Register and all deaths in the Register of Causes of Death.
Both registers use the codes of the International Classification of Diseases , 11 the eighth edition of which was used up to the end of , and International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision 12 thereafter.
Record linkage to the registers was done using the unique personal identity number. The first acute myocardial infarction code after randomization was searched for in the Hospital Discharge Register.
When a case was found, survival for more than 28 days from the beginning of the attack was checked using the Register of Causes of Death, and survivors were considered cases of nonfatal myocardial infarction.
Those who died within 28 days were considered cases of deaths due to coronary disease together with those fatal cases identified from the Register of Causes of Death with the underlying cause of death coded as Register follow-up continued throughout the ATBC Study; thus, cases could also be identified among those who discontinued participation.
The incidences of major coronary events nonfatal myocardial infarction and fatal coronary heart disease were assessed per person-years of follow-up in the 4 intervention groups, and the unadjusted relative risks were calculated in the active intervention groups compared with the placebo group.
Poisson regression model was used for testing the estimated relative risks and for computing the confidence intervals CIs. Kaplan-Meier survival curves and 2-sided P values derived from the unweighted log-rank statistic were assessed for both supplements: vitamin E compared with no vitamin E, and beta carotene compared with no beta carotene.
The effect of supplementation is expressed as the percentage change in the incidence of major coronary events. Interaction between the effects of vitamin E and beta carotene was tested using the likelihood ratio test in Cox proportional hazards regression.
Effect modification by baseline factors age, number of cigarettes daily, years of smoking, levels of total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, daily alcohol consumption, body mass index [measured as the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters], leisure-time physical activity, history of angina pectoris and diabetes, dietary intake, and serum concentrations of alpha tocopherol and beta carotene was tested similarly, with continuous factors divided into tertiles.
Additionally, linear trend in relative risks across baseline factor classes was tested against no interaction. When studying the effects of duration of the supplementation and self-perceived skin yellowing on the risk of primary major coronary events, the intention-to-treat principle had to be abandoned due to subjects discontinuing study participation.
To account for possible differences in those discontinuing participation between the groups, the relative risks were adjusted for the risk factors of coronary heart disease by Cox regression. The effect of the serum concentration of alpha tocopherol and beta carotene during respective supplementation was studied similarly, adjusting additionally for the respective baseline concentration.
This analysis was done both in the quintiles of the serum concentration at 3 years and in the quintiles of the change in concentration from baseline to 3 years, and it included only those subjects who had a follow-up serum sample taken at 3 years and had not yet experienced a major coronary event.
The association of tertiles of baseline intakes and serum levels of vitamin E and beta carotene with the incidence of major coronary events was calculated by Cox regression in the placebo group.
At study entry there were no differences in the risk factors of coronary heart disease between the intervention groups Table 1. Similarly, the total intakes of energy and fat and different fatty acids were evenly distributed between the groups data not shown.
Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, levels of total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and body mass index remained similar in the 4 intervention groups throughout the study.
Dropout rates prior to major coronary event or trial closure were similar in the 4 intervention groups, ranging from Likewise, capsule compliance was similar across the groups; median percentage of capsules taken was There were primary major coronary events during the trial follow-up of person-years, including cases of nonfatal myocardial infarction and cases of fatal coronary heart disease.
Incidences of major coronary events in the intervention groups ranged from The relative risks in the active intervention groups compared with the placebo group were 0. The small differences between the groups were not statistically significant.
Similarly, the incidences of both nonfatal myocardial infarction and fatal coronary heart disease differed little between the intervention groups. The relative risks of these end points in the active intervention groups compared with the placebo group ranged from 0.
These differences were also not significant. There was no trend in the effect of vitamin E or beta carotene on the coronary end points in relation to the duration of supplementation Table 3.
Likewise, 1-year incidence of major coronary events was similar after follow-up visits at which skin yellowing was reported compared with those visits without such a report.
These analyses are based, however, only on active participants during the study and not on the intention-to-treat principle. The effect of beta carotene supplementation on major coronary events and fatal coronary heart disease was different between men with a medical history of angina pectoris at baseline relative risk, 0.
Vitamin E supplementation had a different effect on major coronary events among men with a history of diabetes relative risk, 0. No other interactions with baseline factors were observed.
The only way to prove that individual carotenoids reduce morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease will be through further randomized controlled trials.
But are we really going to carry out randomized trials on all the potentially bioactive constituents of fruit and vegetables alone and in combination when we don't even know if the observed protective association with fruit and vegetables is real?
Such trials if they managed to achieve sufficient prolonged dietary differences would establish whether increasing fruit and vegetable intake is indeed beneficial to health. Meta-analysis of the association between beta-carotene intake and cardiovascular mortality: results from observational studies indicate considerable benefit whereas the findings from randomized controlled trials show an increase in the risk of death.
From Egger et al. Steinberg D, Parthasarathy S, Carew TE, Khoo JC, Witztum JL. Beyond cholesterol. Modifications of low-density lipoprotein that increase its atherogenicity. N Engl J Med ; : — Egger M, Schneider M, Davey Smith G.
Spurious precision? Meta-analysis of observational studies. BMJ ; : — Doering WVE. Antioxidant vitamins, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med ; : Pietrzik K. Steinberg D. Clinical trials of antioxidants in atherosclerosis: are we doing the right thing?
Lancet ; : 36 — The Alpha-Tocopherol Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group. The effect of vitamin E and Bbeta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other causes in male smokers. Serdula MK, Byers T, Mokhad AH, Simoes E, Mendleim JM, Coates RJ. The association between fruit and vegetable intake and chronic disease risk factors.
Epidemiology ; 7 : — Ness AR, Powles JW. Fruit and vegetables and cardiovascular disease: a review. Int J Epidemiol ; 26 : 1 — Law MR, Morris JK.
By how much does fruit and vegetable consumption reduce the risk of ischaemic heart disease? Eur J Clin Nutr ; 52 : — Dietary habits and mortality in vegetarians and health conscious people: several uncertainties exist.
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Observational studies have shown Carbohydrate loading inverse relationship between Lentils stew recipe of cardlovascular and vegetables high in Lentils stew recipe, High blood pressure control C and E, and Beta-caroteene heart Beta-carotene and cardiovascular health IHD and stroke. In large observational studies, Beta-carltene reduced the risk of IHD events in men, particularly in Performance nutrition coach. In contrast, healt large healtb trials did not reveal a reduction Beta-carotene and cardiovascular health cardiovascular events with beta-carotene use, and may, in fact, increase IHD and total mortality in male smokers. There have been only a few large observational studies and one randomized trial with vitamin C, which have shown no beneficial or deleterious impact of this vitamin on cardiovascular events. Most large observational studies have shown an inverse relationship between vitamin E and IHD. However, a meta-analysis of the four randomized trials done in Europe and America involving a total of 51, participants allocated to vitamin E or placebo for 1. Currently, there are no data to support the use of these vitamins to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events.Observational studies cardiovasculzr shown Beta-carotene and cardiovascular health inverse relationship between consumption of fruits Betz-carotene vegetables high in beta-carotene, vitamins C and E, and ischemic heart disease IHD and Beta-carotene and cardiovascular health. In large observational Antioxidant-rich foods for eye health, beta-carotene reduced the risk of IHD events cariovascular men, particularly in smokers.
In contrast, four large randomized trials did not reveal a reduction in cardiovascular events with beta-carotene use, and may, in fact, cardiovasculad IHD and total mortality in Beta-cagotene smokers.
There have anv only a few large observational studies and one randomized trial with vitamin C, which have shown no beneficial or deleterious impact of this vitamin on cardiovascular events. Most large observational studies have shown an Cardiovasculae relationship between vitamin Bfta-carotene and IHD.
However, a meta-analysis of the four randomized Immunity-boosting strategies done Beta-carotene and cardiovascular health Europe and America involving a total of 51, Cardiovaacular allocated to vitamin E or placebo African mango extract and weight management 1.
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This is a cardoivascular of subscription content, log in via Beta-carorene institution Beta-carrotene check access. Rent this heaalth via DeepDyve.
Carfiovascular Beta-carotene and cardiovascular health. Hennekens CH, Cafdiovascular JM, Manson Cardiovasclar, Buring JE: Antioxidant vitamin-cardiovascular disease hypothesis is still promising, but still Beta-cwrotene the need for randomized trials.
Beta-carotene and cardiovascular health J Cardiovawcular Nutr62 suppl 6 SS. PubMed CAS Google Scholar. Diaz MN, Frei B, Vita JA, Keaney Cardiovzscular Jr. Antioxidants and atherosclerotic heart cardivascular. N Engl Cardiovasculzr Med— Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar. Lonn EM, Yusuf S; Is there Beta--carotene role for antioxidant vitamins in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases?
An update on epidemiological and clinical trials data. Can J HaelthBeha-carotene — Hercberg S, Galan P, Preziosi P, et al. Nutrition14 cardiovwscular Tribble DL: Antioxidant consumption Natural energy drinks risk of coronary heart disease: emphasis Beta-carotsne vitamin C, dvitamin E, and beta- carotene.
A statement for health care professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation99 — Good review and American Heart Association statement on vitamin for health professionals. Steinberg D, Parthasarathy S, Carew TE, et al. Modification of low-density lipoprotein that increases its atherogenicity.
N Eng J Med— Article CAS Google Scholar. Carew TE, Schwenke DC, Steinberg D: Antiatherogenic effect of probucol unrelated to its hypercholesterolemic effect: evidence that antioxidants in vivo can selectively inhibit low density lipoprotein degradation in macrophage-rich fatty streaks and slow the progression of atherosclerosis in the Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbit.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A84 — Verlangieri AJ, Bush MJ: Effects of d-a-tocopherol bdsupplementation on experimentally induced primate atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Nutr11 — Jilial I, Norkus EP, Cristol L, Grundy SM: ß-carotene inhibits the oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein.
Biochim Biophys Acta— Google Scholar. Tsuchihashi H, Kigoshi M, Iwatsuki M, Niki E; Action of β-carotene as an antioxidant against lipid peroxidation. Arch Biochem Biophys— Princen HMG, van Poppel G, Vogelezang C, et al.
Effect of cigarette smoking. Arteriosler Thromb12 — CAS Google Scholar. Reaven PD, Khouw A, Beltz WF, et al. Protection of LDL by vitamin E but not by β-carotene. Arterioscler Thromb13 — Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Ascherio A, et al.
Gey KF, Moser UK, Jordan P, et al. Am J Clin Nutr57 suppl 5 SS. Morris DI, Kritchevsky SB, Davis CE: Serum carotenoids and coronary heart disease. The Lipid Research Clinics Primary Prevention Trial and Follow-up Study. JAMA— Gaziano JM, Manson JE, Branch LG, et al.
Ann Epidemiol5 — Tavani A, Negri E, D'Avanzo B, La Vecchia C: Beta-carotene intake and risk of nonfatal acute myocardial infarction in women. Eur J Epidemiol13 — Klipstein-Grobusch K, Geleijnse LM, den Breeijen JH, et al.
Am J Nutr69 — Stampfer MJ, Hennekens CH, Manson JE, et al. Knekt P, Reunanen A, Jarvinen R, et al. Am J Epidemiol— Kushi LH, Folsom AR, Prineas RJ, et al. Blot WJ, Li JY, Taylor PR, et al. J Nat Cancer Inst85 — The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group: The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers.
Article Google Scholar. Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Manson JE, et al. Omen GS, Goodman GE, Thornquist MD, et al. Greenberg ER, Baron JA, Karagas MR, et al. Rapola JM, Virtamo J, Ripatti S, et al. Lancet— Virtamo J, Rapola JM, Ripatti S, et al.
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Control Clin Trials19 — Eur Heart J20 — Design of a large trial in progress. Levine M, Rumsey SC, Daruwala R, et al. Enstrom JE, Kanin LE, Klein MA: Vitamin C intake and mortality among a sample of the United States population.
Epidemiology3 — Nyssonen K, Parviainen MT, Salonen R, et al. Br Med J— Losonczy KG, Harris TB, Havliki RJ: Vitamin E and vitamin C supplement use and risk of all-cause and coronary heart disease mortality in older persons: the Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly.
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: Beta-carotene and cardiovascular health| Therapeutic Uses | In green foods, the lutein-to-zeaxanthin ratio ranges from 12 to 63, with kale having the highest concentration, whereas the ratio in yellow-orange fruits and vegetables is between 0. There were primary major coronary events during the trial follow-up of person-years, including cases of nonfatal myocardial infarction and cases of fatal coronary heart disease. I would not like to post my testimonial. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto miocardico, Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial. Google Scholar Losonczy KG, Harris TB, Havliki RJ: Vitamin E and vitamin C supplement use and risk of all-cause and coronary heart disease mortality in older persons: the Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly. Two NOS isoforms, neuronal NOS NOS1 and endothelial NOS eNOS, NOS3 , are generated in cardiomyocytes constantly, whereas inducible NOS NOS2 is lacking in the healthy heart but can be triggered by pro-oxidants [ ]. |
| Beta-carotene | A major clinical trial, the Age Related Eye Disease Study AREDS1 , found that people who had macular degeneration could slow its progression by taking zinc 80 mg , vitamin C mg , vitamin E mg , beta-carotene 15 mg , and copper 2 mg. Age related macular degeneration is an eye disease that happens when the macula, the part of the retina that is responsible for central vision, starts to break down. Use this regimen only under a doctor's supervision. In one study of middle-aged and older men, those who ate more foods with carotenoids, mainly beta-carotene and lycopene, were less likely to have metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is a group of symptoms and risk factors that increase your chance of heart disease and diabetes. The men also had lower measures of body fat and triglycerides, a kind of blood fat. People with oral leukoplakia have white lesions in their mouths or on their tongues. It is usually caused by years of smoking or drinking alcohol. One study found that people with leukoplakia who took beta-carotene had fewer symptoms than those who took placebo. Because taking beta-carotene might put smokers at higher risk of lung cancer, however, you should not take beta-carotene for leukoplakia on your own. Ask your doctor if it would be safe for you. People with scleroderma, a connective tissue disorder characterized by hardened skin, have low levels of beta-carotene in their blood. That has caused some researchers to think beta-carotene supplements may be helpful for people with scleroderma. So far, however, research has not confirmed that theory. For now, it is best to get beta-carotene from foods in your diet and avoid supplements until more studies are done. The richest sources of beta-carotene are yellow, orange, and green leafy fruits and vegetables such as carrots, spinach, lettuce, tomatoes, sweet potatoes, broccoli, cantaloupe, and winter squash. In general, the more intense the color of the fruit or vegetable, the more beta-carotene it has. Beta-carotene supplements are available in both capsule and gel forms. Beta-carotene is fat-soluble, so you should take it with meals containing at least 3 g of fat to ensure absorption. So far, studies have not confirmed that beta-carotene supplements by themselves help prevent cancer. Eating foods rich in beta-carotene, along with other antioxidants, including vitamins C and E, seems to protect against some kinds of cancer. However, beta-carotene supplements may increase the risk of heart disease and cancer in people who smoke or drink heavily. Those people should not take beta-carotene, except under a doctor's supervision. Beta-carotene reduces sun sensitivity for people with certain skin problems, but it does not protect against sunburn. While animal studies show that beta-carotene is not toxic to a fetus or a newborn, there is not enough information to know what levels are safe. If you are pregnant or breastfeeding, take beta-carotene supplements only if your doctor tells you to. It is safe to get beta-carotene through the food you eat. Statins: Taking beta-carotene with selenium and vitamins E and C may make simvastatin Zocor and niacin less effective. The same may be true of other statins, such as atorvastatin Lipitor. If you take statins to lower cholesterol, talk to your doctor before taking beta-carotene supplements. Colestipol, a cholesterol-lowering medication similar to cholestyramin, may also reduce beta-carotene levels. Your doctor may monitor your levels of beta-carotene, but you do not usually need to take a supplement. You may want to take a multivitamin if you take orlistat. If so, make sure you take it at least 2 hours before or after you take orlistat. Other: In addition to these medications, mineral oil used to treat constipation may lower blood levels of beta-carotene. Ongoing use of alcohol may interact with beta-carotene, increasing the risk of liver damage. Bayerl Ch. Beta-carotene in dermatology: Does it help? Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Panonica Adriat. Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D,Gluud LL, Simonetti RG, Gluud C. Mortality in randomized trials of antioxidant supplements for primary and secondary prevention: systematic review and meta-analysis. Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Simonetti RG, Gluud C. Antioxidant supplements for preventing gastrointestinal cancers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Brambilla D, Mancuso C, Scuderi MR, Bosco P, Cantarella G, Lempereur L, et al. Nutr J. Chan R, Lok K, Woo J. Prostate cancer and vegetable consumption. Mol Nutr Food Res. Evans JR, Lawrenson JG. Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age-related macular degeneration. doi: Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for preventing age-related macular degeneration. Gabriele S, Alberto P, Sergio G, Fernanda F, Marco MC. Emerging potentials for an antioxidant therapy as a new approach to the treatment of systemic sclerosis. Gallicchio L, Boyd K, Matanoski G, Tao XG, Chen L, Lam TK, et al. Carotenoids and the risk of developing lung cancer: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr. Hercberg S, Galan P, Preziosi P. Antioxidant vitamins and cardiovascular disease: Dr Jekyll or Mr Hyde? Am J Public Health. Herrick AL, Hollis S, Schofield D, Rieley F, Blann A, Griffin K, Moore T, Braganza JM, Jayson MI. A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of antioxidant therapy in limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. Hu G, Cassano PA. Antioxidant nutrients and pulmonary function: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey NHANES III. Am J Epidemiol. Itsiopoulos C, Hodge A, Kaimakamis M. Can the Mediterranean diet prevent prostate cancer? Jeong NH, et al. Preoperative levels of plasma micronutrients are related to endometrial cancer risk. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. Liu C, Wang XD, Mucci L, Gaziano JM, Zhang SM. Modulation of lung molecular biomarkers by beta-carotene in the Physicians' Health Study. Similar dietary patterns such as the Mediterranean diet also demonstrate protective effects towards lower death rates among patients with a history of myocardial infarction [ 6 ]. There are multiple nutrients which are highly available in plants and fruits, including vitamin C, folate, flavonoids, and β-carotene, which have been carefully examined in a few meta-analyses regarding their roles in CVD prevention and control [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ]. β-carotene is a provitamin A carotenoid with antioxidant properties and the highest vitamin A activity. Nevertheless, the bioavailability of natural β-carotene in plants is low [ 12 ]. Some factors impacting bioavailability include change of cell wall structure when processing foods and interaction with other dietary ingredients and phytochemicals in the gastrointestinal tract [ 13 ] [ 14 ]. Hence, more attention has been given to β-carotene supplementation, which has become an alternative for people to meet the recommended intake of β-carotene. However, several studies have shown that β-carotene was associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ]. The United States Preventive Services Task Force USPSTF in indicated a null effect of β-carotene on CVD prevention but an increased risk for lung cancer; thus, it was not recommended to use β-carotene supplements for prevention or treatment [ 7 ]. However, thus far, most previous studies have examined the combined effects of β-carotene with other antioxidants, and there are limited meta-analyses thoroughly discussing the effects of β-carotene treatment on different CVD outcomes specifically. Previous studies have indicated a potential harmful effect of β-carotene acting as a co-carcinogen in different age and ethnic groups, while the conclusions were ambiguous when it comes to the single effects of β-carotene on CVD prevention [ 8 ] [ 15 ]. In nutrient-deficient populations, the effect of β-carotene supplementation is unclear. A study conducted in rural Nepal indicated beneficial effects of maternal β-carotene supplementation on decreased risk of hypertension among their undernourished children with a high waist circumference, while no overall benefits on cardiovascular risk factors were observed [ 25 ]. To provide better recommended daily β-carotene intake in different populations, it suggests conducting further research focused on vitamin interventions in malnourished populations at different ages. β-carotene had no beneficial effects on CVD incidence and had potential harmful effects on CVD mortality. The use of β-carotene given singly for prevention purposes is not recommended. The daily supplemental use of β-carotene among individuals with CVD histories, cigarettes smokers, and heavy drinkers should be avoided. In the future, it is useful to further explore the combination effects of β-carotene use and antioxidants in multivitamin treatments in suboptimal populations with nutrient deficiencies and investigate the effects among different sex and age groups. References WHO. Cardiovascular Diseases CVDS. Huang, T. Cardiovascular disease mortality and cancer incidence in vegetarians: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Kwok, C. Vegetarian diet, Seventh Day Adventists and risk of cardiovascular mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Djoussé, L. Relation between modifiable lifestyle factors and lifetime risk of heart failure. Jama , , — Micha, R. Association between dietary factors and mortality from heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes in the United States. Sikalidis, A. Mediterranean Diet. Encyclopedia , 1, Fortmann, S. Vitamin and mineral supplements in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: An updated systematic evidence review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Bjelakovic, G. Antioxidant supplements for prevention of mortality in healthy participants and patients with various diseases. Cochrane Database Syst. Schwingshackl, L. Dietary supplements and risk of cause-specific death, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of primary prevention trials. Ye, Y. Effect of antioxidant vitamin supplementation on cardiovascular outcomes: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS ONE , 8, e Jenkins, D. Supplemental vitamins and minerals for CVD prevention and treatment. Donhowe, E. Beta-carotene: Digestion, microencapsulation, and in vitro bioavailability. Food Bioprocess Technol. Derrick, S. Effects of Dietary Red Raspberry Consumption on Pre-Diabetes and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Parameters. Public Health , 18, Rein, M. Bioavailability of bioactive food compounds: A challenging journey to bioefficacy. Vivekananthan, D. Use of antioxidant vitamins for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: Meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet , , — Leppälä, J. Vitamin E and beta carotene supplementation in high risk for stroke: A subgroup analysis of the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study. Kataja-Tuomola, M. Effect of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplementation on macrovascular complications and total mortality from diabetes: Results of the ATBC Study. Lee, I. Cancer Inst. Shah, R. Smoking and stroke: The more you smoke the more you stroke. Expert Rev. Burton, G. Beta-carotene: An unusual type of lipid antioxidant. Science , , — Truscott, T. β-Carotene and disease: A suggested pro-oxidant and anti-oxidant mechanism and speculations concerning its role in cigarette smoking. B Biol. Palozza, P. Prooxidant actions of carotenoids in biologic systems. Andersen, H. Effects of dietary α-tocopherol and β-carotene on lipid peroxidation induced by methyl mercuric chloride in mice. Lomnitski, L. The effect of dietary vitamin E and ß-carotene on oxidation processes in the rat testis. Acta BBA -Lipids Lipid Metab. |
| β-Carotene Supplementation and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease | Encyclopedia MDPI | People with oral leukoplakia have white lesions in their mouths or on their tongues. It is usually caused by years of smoking or drinking alcohol. One study found that people with leukoplakia who took beta-carotene had fewer symptoms than those who took placebo. Because taking beta-carotene might put smokers at higher risk of lung cancer, however, you should not take beta-carotene for leukoplakia on your own. Ask your doctor if it would be safe for you. People with scleroderma, a connective tissue disorder characterized by hardened skin, have low levels of beta-carotene in their blood. That has caused some researchers to think beta-carotene supplements may be helpful for people with scleroderma. So far, however, research has not confirmed that theory. For now, it is best to get beta-carotene from foods in your diet and avoid supplements until more studies are done. The richest sources of beta-carotene are yellow, orange, and green leafy fruits and vegetables such as carrots, spinach, lettuce, tomatoes, sweet potatoes, broccoli, cantaloupe, and winter squash. In general, the more intense the color of the fruit or vegetable, the more beta-carotene it has. Beta-carotene supplements are available in both capsule and gel forms. Beta-carotene is fat-soluble, so you should take it with meals containing at least 3 g of fat to ensure absorption. So far, studies have not confirmed that beta-carotene supplements by themselves help prevent cancer. Eating foods rich in beta-carotene, along with other antioxidants, including vitamins C and E, seems to protect against some kinds of cancer. However, beta-carotene supplements may increase the risk of heart disease and cancer in people who smoke or drink heavily. Those people should not take beta-carotene, except under a doctor's supervision. Beta-carotene reduces sun sensitivity for people with certain skin problems, but it does not protect against sunburn. While animal studies show that beta-carotene is not toxic to a fetus or a newborn, there is not enough information to know what levels are safe. If you are pregnant or breastfeeding, take beta-carotene supplements only if your doctor tells you to. It is safe to get beta-carotene through the food you eat. Statins: Taking beta-carotene with selenium and vitamins E and C may make simvastatin Zocor and niacin less effective. The same may be true of other statins, such as atorvastatin Lipitor. If you take statins to lower cholesterol, talk to your doctor before taking beta-carotene supplements. Colestipol, a cholesterol-lowering medication similar to cholestyramin, may also reduce beta-carotene levels. Your doctor may monitor your levels of beta-carotene, but you do not usually need to take a supplement. You may want to take a multivitamin if you take orlistat. If so, make sure you take it at least 2 hours before or after you take orlistat. Other: In addition to these medications, mineral oil used to treat constipation may lower blood levels of beta-carotene. Ongoing use of alcohol may interact with beta-carotene, increasing the risk of liver damage. Bayerl Ch. Beta-carotene in dermatology: Does it help? Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Panonica Adriat. Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D,Gluud LL, Simonetti RG, Gluud C. Mortality in randomized trials of antioxidant supplements for primary and secondary prevention: systematic review and meta-analysis. Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Simonetti RG, Gluud C. Antioxidant supplements for preventing gastrointestinal cancers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Brambilla D, Mancuso C, Scuderi MR, Bosco P, Cantarella G, Lempereur L, et al. Nutr J. Chan R, Lok K, Woo J. Prostate cancer and vegetable consumption. Mol Nutr Food Res. Evans JR, Lawrenson JG. Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age-related macular degeneration. doi: Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for preventing age-related macular degeneration. Gabriele S, Alberto P, Sergio G, Fernanda F, Marco MC. Emerging potentials for an antioxidant therapy as a new approach to the treatment of systemic sclerosis. Gallicchio L, Boyd K, Matanoski G, Tao XG, Chen L, Lam TK, et al. Carotenoids and the risk of developing lung cancer: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr. Hercberg S, Galan P, Preziosi P. Antioxidant vitamins and cardiovascular disease: Dr Jekyll or Mr Hyde? Am J Public Health. Herrick AL, Hollis S, Schofield D, Rieley F, Blann A, Griffin K, Moore T, Braganza JM, Jayson MI. A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of antioxidant therapy in limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. Hu G, Cassano PA. Antioxidant nutrients and pulmonary function: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey NHANES III. Am J Epidemiol. Itsiopoulos C, Hodge A, Kaimakamis M. Can the Mediterranean diet prevent prostate cancer? Jeong NH, et al. Preoperative levels of plasma micronutrients are related to endometrial cancer risk. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. Liu C, Wang XD, Mucci L, Gaziano JM, Zhang SM. Modulation of lung molecular biomarkers by beta-carotene in the Physicians' Health Study. Mathew MC, Ervin AM, Tao J, Davis RM. Antioxidant vitamin supplementation for preventing and slowing the progression of age-related cataract. Mondul AM, Sampson JN, Moore SC, et al. Metabolomic profile of response to supplementation with B-carotene in the alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study. Pryor WA, Stahl W, Rock CL. Beta carotene: from biochemistry to clinical trials. Elizabeth A. O'Connor, PhD , et al. The researchers found vitamin and mineral supplementation was associated with little or no benefit in preventing cancer, cardiovascular disease, and death, except for a small benefit for cancer incidence with multivitamin use. Beta-carotene was associated with an increased risk of lung cancer and other harmful outcomes in persons at high risk of lung cancer. Inflammation and oxidative stress have been shown to have a role in both cardiovascular disease and cancer, and dietary supplements may have anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects. This has served as a rationale for proposing dietary supplements to prevent both cardiovascular disease and cancer. In an accompanying editorial comment , Jenny Jia, MD, MSc , et al. Food and Drug Administration and "might be viewed as a potentially harmful distraction. In another editorial comment , Peter A. Ubel, MD , asks this in light of the recommendation: "In the face of such underwhelming benefits, what explains the number of people who regularly consume these unnecessary supplements? The USPSTF released on June 21 updated guidelines for the use of vitamin and mineral supplements for primary prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease. The update includes 52 new studies published since the guideline. Despite the addition of these trials, the recommendations remain the same. Beta-carotene and vitamin E supplementation are harmful and should be avoided. There is insufficient evidence to determine the balance of benefit vs. harm for multivitamins and other nutrient supplements. All clinicians should take a detailed history about over-the-counter supplement use. |
| Role of Carotenoids in Cardiovascular Disease | Beyond cholesterol. Modifications of low-density lipoprotein that increase its atherogenicity. N Engl J Med ; : — Egger M, Schneider M, Davey Smith G. Spurious precision? Meta-analysis of observational studies. BMJ ; : — Doering WVE. Antioxidant vitamins, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med ; : Pietrzik K. Steinberg D. Clinical trials of antioxidants in atherosclerosis: are we doing the right thing? Lancet ; : 36 — The Alpha-Tocopherol Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group. The effect of vitamin E and Bbeta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other causes in male smokers. Serdula MK, Byers T, Mokhad AH, Simoes E, Mendleim JM, Coates RJ. The association between fruit and vegetable intake and chronic disease risk factors. Epidemiology ; 7 : — Ness AR, Powles JW. Fruit and vegetables and cardiovascular disease: a review. Int J Epidemiol ; 26 : 1 — Law MR, Morris JK. By how much does fruit and vegetable consumption reduce the risk of ischaemic heart disease? Eur J Clin Nutr ; 52 : — Dietary habits and mortality in vegetarians and health conscious people: several uncertainties exist. BMJ ; : Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Sign In or Create an Account. Advertisement intended for healthcare professionals. Navbar Search Filter International Journal of Epidemiology This issue Public Health and Epidemiology Books Journals Oxford Academic Mobile Enter search term Search. Issues More Content Supplements Cohort Profiles Education Corner Submit Author Guidelines Submission Site Open Access Purchase Alerts About About the International Journal of Epidemiology About the International Epidemiological Association Editorial Team Editorial Board Advertising and Corporate Services Journals Career Network Self-Archiving Policy Dispatch Dates Contact the IEA Journals on Oxford Academic Books on Oxford Academic. Issues More Content Supplements Cohort Profiles Education Corner Submit Author Guidelines Submission Site Open Access Purchase Alerts About About the International Journal of Epidemiology About the International Epidemiological Association Editorial Team Editorial Board Advertising and Corporate Services Journals Career Network Self-Archiving Policy Dispatch Dates Contact the IEA Close Navbar Search Filter International Journal of Epidemiology This issue Public Health and Epidemiology Books Journals Oxford Academic Enter search term Search. Advanced Search. Search Menu. Article Navigation. Close mobile search navigation Article Navigation. Volume Article Contents References. Journal Article. Commentary: Beyond beta-carotene—antioxidants and cardiovascular disease. AR Ness AR Ness. Oxford Academic. Google Scholar. PDF Split View Views. Select Format Select format. ris Mendeley, Papers, Zotero. enw EndNote. bibtex BibTex. txt Medlars, RefWorks Download citation. Permissions Icon Permissions. Close Navbar Search Filter International Journal of Epidemiology This issue Public Health and Epidemiology Books Journals Oxford Academic Enter search term Search. Figure 1. Open in new tab Download slide. N Engl J Med. Int J Epidemiol. Eur J Clin Nutr. Issue Section:. Studies suggest that high doses of beta-carotene may make people with a particular condition less sensitive to the sun. People with erythropoietic protoporphyria, a rare genetic condition that causes painful sun sensitivity, as well as liver problems, are often treated with beta-carotene to reduce sun sensitivity. Under a doctor's care, the dose of beta-carotene is slowly adjusted over a period of weeks, and the person can have more exposure to sunlight. A major clinical trial, the Age Related Eye Disease Study AREDS1 , found that people who had macular degeneration could slow its progression by taking zinc 80 mg , vitamin C mg , vitamin E mg , beta-carotene 15 mg , and copper 2 mg. Age related macular degeneration is an eye disease that happens when the macula, the part of the retina that is responsible for central vision, starts to break down. Use this regimen only under a doctor's supervision. In one study of middle-aged and older men, those who ate more foods with carotenoids, mainly beta-carotene and lycopene, were less likely to have metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is a group of symptoms and risk factors that increase your chance of heart disease and diabetes. The men also had lower measures of body fat and triglycerides, a kind of blood fat. People with oral leukoplakia have white lesions in their mouths or on their tongues. It is usually caused by years of smoking or drinking alcohol. One study found that people with leukoplakia who took beta-carotene had fewer symptoms than those who took placebo. Because taking beta-carotene might put smokers at higher risk of lung cancer, however, you should not take beta-carotene for leukoplakia on your own. Ask your doctor if it would be safe for you. People with scleroderma, a connective tissue disorder characterized by hardened skin, have low levels of beta-carotene in their blood. That has caused some researchers to think beta-carotene supplements may be helpful for people with scleroderma. So far, however, research has not confirmed that theory. For now, it is best to get beta-carotene from foods in your diet and avoid supplements until more studies are done. The richest sources of beta-carotene are yellow, orange, and green leafy fruits and vegetables such as carrots, spinach, lettuce, tomatoes, sweet potatoes, broccoli, cantaloupe, and winter squash. In general, the more intense the color of the fruit or vegetable, the more beta-carotene it has. Beta-carotene supplements are available in both capsule and gel forms. Beta-carotene is fat-soluble, so you should take it with meals containing at least 3 g of fat to ensure absorption. So far, studies have not confirmed that beta-carotene supplements by themselves help prevent cancer. Eating foods rich in beta-carotene, along with other antioxidants, including vitamins C and E, seems to protect against some kinds of cancer. However, beta-carotene supplements may increase the risk of heart disease and cancer in people who smoke or drink heavily. Those people should not take beta-carotene, except under a doctor's supervision. Beta-carotene reduces sun sensitivity for people with certain skin problems, but it does not protect against sunburn. While animal studies show that beta-carotene is not toxic to a fetus or a newborn, there is not enough information to know what levels are safe. If you are pregnant or breastfeeding, take beta-carotene supplements only if your doctor tells you to. It is safe to get beta-carotene through the food you eat. Statins: Taking beta-carotene with selenium and vitamins E and C may make simvastatin Zocor and niacin less effective. The same may be true of other statins, such as atorvastatin Lipitor. If you take statins to lower cholesterol, talk to your doctor before taking beta-carotene supplements. Colestipol, a cholesterol-lowering medication similar to cholestyramin, may also reduce beta-carotene levels. Your doctor may monitor your levels of beta-carotene, but you do not usually need to take a supplement. You may want to take a multivitamin if you take orlistat. If so, make sure you take it at least 2 hours before or after you take orlistat. Other: In addition to these medications, mineral oil used to treat constipation may lower blood levels of beta-carotene. Ongoing use of alcohol may interact with beta-carotene, increasing the risk of liver damage. Bayerl Ch. Beta-carotene in dermatology: Does it help? Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Panonica Adriat. Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D,Gluud LL, Simonetti RG, Gluud C. Mortality in randomized trials of antioxidant supplements for primary and secondary prevention: systematic review and meta-analysis. Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Simonetti RG, Gluud C. Antioxidant supplements for preventing gastrointestinal cancers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Brambilla D, Mancuso C, Scuderi MR, Bosco P, Cantarella G, Lempereur L, et al. Nutr J. Chan R, Lok K, Woo J. Prostate cancer and vegetable consumption. Mol Nutr Food Res. Evans JR, Lawrenson JG. Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age-related macular degeneration. doi: Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for preventing age-related macular degeneration. Gabriele S, Alberto P, Sergio G, Fernanda F, Marco MC. Emerging potentials for an antioxidant therapy as a new approach to the treatment of systemic sclerosis. Gallicchio L, Boyd K, Matanoski G, Tao XG, Chen L, Lam TK, et al. Carotenoids and the risk of developing lung cancer: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr. Hercberg S, Galan P, Preziosi P. Antioxidant vitamins and cardiovascular disease: Dr Jekyll or Mr Hyde? Am J Public Health. Herrick AL, Hollis S, Schofield D, Rieley F, Blann A, Griffin K, Moore T, Braganza JM, Jayson MI. A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of antioxidant therapy in limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. Hu G, Cassano PA. Antioxidant nutrients and pulmonary function: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey NHANES III. Am J Epidemiol. Itsiopoulos C, Hodge A, Kaimakamis M. Can the Mediterranean diet prevent prostate cancer? Jeong NH, et al. Preoperative levels of plasma micronutrients are related to endometrial cancer risk. |
| 1. Introduction | Dietary reference intakes: Vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc. Sen, A , Marsche, G , Freudenberger, P , Schallert, M , Toeglhofer, AM , Nagl, C, et al. Berliner JANavab MFogelman AM et al. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to estimate cumulative incidence over time by randomized group, and the log-rank test was used to compare curves. PubMed Abstract Google Scholar. High serum level of lutein may be protective against early atherosclerosis. |
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