Alpha diversity was determined using the Ace, Chao, Shannon and Simpson indices Supplementary Figure 1. However, there was no significant change in microbial richness and diversity. Microbial composition analysis showed compositional changes at the phylum level Figure 3A.

Conversely, the relative abundance of Actinobacter was increased, and the treatment of CPFEs from grapefruit and fertile orange significantly increased Actinobacter abundance to Figure 3. Differences in the distribution and abundance of intestinal microflora in human fecal samples before and after in vitro fermentation with CPFEs.

At the genus level, the enterotypes of seven volunteers were divided into Enterotype 1 ET B and Enterotype 2 ET P. Subject 1, 2 and 5 belonged to the Bacteroides -predominant ET B, and subject 3, 4, 6, and 7 belonged to the Prevotella -predominant ET P. After in vitro fermentation with CPFEs, Bacteroides became slightly less dominant in the ET B enterotype, decreasing from The average relative abundance of beneficial microbial communities Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium markedly increased in both enterotypes.

Especially in the chachiensis CPFE group, the proportion of Bifidobacterium in the ET B group was the highest at The LefSe analysis highlighted the differences in relative microbial abundance from phylum to species.

In all citrus tested, chachiensis and grapefruit were the two cultivars with significant differences in intestinal microbial composition and abundance Figure 3D. Samples fermented with chachiensis CPFEs had higher levels of the phylum Proteobacteria, class Grammproteobacteria and species Bifidobacterium breve.

In grapefruit CPFEs, phylum Actinobacteria and genus Bifidobacterium were significantly increased. The regulatory effect on intestinal microbiota may be related to the TFC and flavonoid profiles of different CPFEs.

Abundant Bifidobacterium spp. in the chachiensis group may be associated with high levels of PMFs. Chen et al. found that oral administration of Citrus reticulata cv.

Suavissima, rich in nobiletin, tangeretin and 5-demethylnobiletin, significantly increased the abundance of the probiotics such as Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp.

Short-chain fatty acids are the main end-products of indigestible carbohydrate fermentation, and can be used as nutrients by intestinal epithelial cells and the colonic microflora The average levels of total SCFAs generated by fecal microbial fermentations with CPFEs, were all higher than that of the blank control Figure 4A.

Figure 4. The effect of CPFEs on SCFA production after h in vitro fermentation. Spearman's correlation analysis was performed to investigate the differences between microbial compositions at the genus level and SCFA productions Figure 5.

Acetic acid was positively correlated with Bacteroides, Parabacteroides, Roseburia, Lachnospira, Klebsiella, Alistipes and Lachnoclostridium , and negatively correlated with Parasutterella, Dialister, Subdoligranulum and Ruminiclostridium. The positive relationship between butyric, isobutyric and Bacteroides, Parabacteroides and Lachnospira was more obvious.

However, valeric and isovaleric acids were not significantly associated with gut microbiota. Figure 5. Heatmap of Spearman's rank correlation coefficients between SCFAs production and microbial relative abundance at the genus level.

The colors indicate positive red or negative blue correlations between SCFA production and microbial relative abundance. The X -axis shows the different SCFAs, from left to right: acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, isovaleric acid, isobutyric acid, and valeric acid.

The Y -axis shows different genera. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the extraction and compositional analysis of flavonoids from the peel of fourteen local Chinese citrus cultivars and their role in regulating the gut microbiota.

TFC values of CPFEs in our test were considerably higher than those reported from the same fruits, using ultrasound-assisted extraction alone 4 , This appears to be due to the much higher extraction efficiency of macroporous resin XAD Column chromatography with XAD increased the extractable flavonoid content of Glycyrrhiza glabra L.

leaf from Naringin, hesperidin and eriocitrin are the top three flavanones detected by HPLC-DAD. As previously reported, naringin is rich in hybrids grapefruit and pummelos apple pomelo, majia pomelo ; hesperidin is rich in mandarins satsuma mandarin, chachiensis, ponkan , sweet oranges lane late navel orange, blood orange , and hybrids dekopon, fertile orange ; and eriocitrin is only enriched in lemon 27 — Citrus-derived flavonoids have various human health-promoting functions, such as antioxidant activity, α-glucosidase inhibition and sodium glycocholate binding capacity, which are associated with antihyperglycemic and hyperlipidemic effects Long et al.

found that CPFEs with higher content of TFC had stronger antioxidant activities Various in vitro and in vivo studies have identified that eriocitrin, naringin and hesperidin all have good antioxidant activities, which are beneficial for free radical scavenging, reducing hepatic gluconeogenesis and increasing insulin sensitivity 28 , 29 , 31 , We found that CPFEs with higher APC indices such as grapefruit and chachiensis tend to have higher TFCs.

CPFEs from sichuan kumquat, Longyan kumquat and bergamot had lower levels of TFCs and main flavonoids eriocitrin, naringin, and hesperidin , with poor antioxidant capacity. The richness of naringin and hesperidin in CPFEs can regulate hepatic cholesterol synthesis by inhibiting the activity of 3-hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase 34 , Kwon et al.

also found that eriocitrin has cholesterol-lowering properties and inhibits obesity by increasing cellular fatty acid oxidation and energy expenditure, and reducing lipogenesis-related gene expression While CPFEs of apple pomelo and majia pomelo had high content of naringin in our test, their antioxidant activity and α-glucosidase activity were relatively poor.

And Zeng et al. showed that hesperidin hydrolysates intensively inhibited α-glucosidase activity whereas hesperidin showed little activity There is limited understanding of the differences in biological activities of various flavonoids.

Further analysis on the correlation between the biological activities and main flavonoid components such as hesperidin, naringin and eriocitrin will help the high-value utilization of different varieties of citrus peels and processing wastewater.

Flavonoids derived from citrus peel represent the alterations of gut microbiota. ET B, dominated by genus Bacteroides , is associated with high consumption of protein and animal fat.

ET P, dominated by genus Prevotella , is associated with high carbohydrate consumption. Different enterotypes may be associated with health status and incidence of diseases. Prebiotics and probiotics affect specific bacterial populations in the intestine, which are associated with an individual's enterotype Only Rodríguez-Daza et al.

Bifidobacterium have been reported to play important roles in regulating intestinal microbiota and mucosal inflammation, contributing to inhibit obesity, diabetes and inflammatory bowel disease 41 , Bifidobacterium was significantly increased after cofermentation of chachiensis and grapefruit CPFEs with fecal samples Figure 5 , which were associated with the enrichment of naringin and hesperidin, respectively.

The effects of naringin and hesperidin on the growth of Bifidobacterium strains were dose-dependent In the animal model of high-fat diet, naringin intervention altered the community composition of the gut bacteria, characterized by increased benefits Butyricicoccus etc.

and fewer harmful bacteria Campylobacter etc. It is well established that SCFAs are the major components in regulating gut health Dietary citrus flavonoids can alter the abundance of SCFAs in the gut.

CPFEs from chachiensis and grapefruit stimulated intestinal acetic acid Figure 4B. Acetic acid is the main SCFA produced by most fecal bacteria and an important pH regulator in the colon, helping to maintain colonic homeostasis Zhang et al.

After 2 months of drinking pasteurized orange juice containing flavanones, the proportions of total SCFA and acetate were increased in the feces of healthy subjects, and the ammonium concentration was reduced 15 , We found that acetate is positively associated with Roseburia in the gut Figure 5.

Roseburia is a symbiotic beneficial flora that produces SCFAs, affecting colonic motility, immune responses and anti-inflammatory properties Conversely, Parasutterella is inversely proportional to acetic and propionic acids.

The feces of IBS patients were rich in Parasutterella , which was significantly positively correlated with the ratio of inflammatory cells to epithelial cells These suggest that the probiotic effects of citrus flavonoid, if replicated in humans, may confer health benefits.

In conclusion, CPFEs from 14 Chinese cultivars were extracted and purified, and seven flavanones and four PMFs were quantitatively analyzed by HPLC-DAD.

The results of biological function test showed that CPFEs, especially from chachiensis and grapefruit, had good antioxidant activity, α-glucosidase inhibition and bile acid binding capacity.

Furthermore, chachiensis and grapefruit CPFEs were found to promote the growth of intestinal Bifidobacterium spp. and increase acetic acid content by in vitro simulated human gut models.

Our results provided valuable insights into understanding the biofunctional activity and gut microbiota regulation of citrus peel flavonoids. Further studies will be performed to investigate the effects of specific flavonoid components such as naringin, hesperidin and eriocitrin on intestinal disease models.

The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. PL and QG: conceptualization and supervision. XY, XM, and QZ: methodology, investigation, and data curation. XY: writing-original draft preparation. QZ and TZ: writing-review and editing. QG: funding acquisition.

All authors have read and agreed to the published version of themanuscript. The work was supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China YFE The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers.

Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. Spinelli S, Lecce L, Likyova D, Del Nobile MA, Conte A. Bioactive compounds from orange epicarp to enrich fish burgers.

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Lemon flavonoid, eriocitrin, suppresses exercise-induced oxidative damage in rat liver. Life Sci. Yang X, Kang SM, Jeon BT, Kim YD, Ha JH, Kim YT, et al. Isolation and identification of an antioxidant flavonoid compound from citrus-processing by-product. J Sci Food Agric.

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The role of short-chain fatty acids in health and disease. Adv Immunol. Perez-Vizcaino F, Fraga CG. Research trends in flavonoids and health. Arch Biochem Biophys. Bas-Bellver C, Andrés C, Seguí L, Barrera C, Jiménez-Hernández N, Artacho A, et al.

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Enter your email id below to make sure you don't miss a beat on all whats happening on GoToChef. Click here to Login. Can Eat 0. Descriptions details. Usage Tips Citrus Extract can be used to add extra punch of citrus flavour to sauces, gravies, cakes, breads, frostings, soft drinks and glazes.

Description Citrus Extract is a concentrated liquid or oil obtained from any combination of citrus fruits like orange, grapefruit, lime and lemon.

Selection Guide Go for natural, food grade Citrus Extract and check for its expiry date. GoToChef tells you all you need to know about food products! Ingredients wiki, nutritional value, reviews and recipes. log in. NOT A MEMBER YET? Sign Up We thank you for your interest shown in becoming a GoToChef TM member.

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These fruits contain a host of plant compounds, including flavonoids, that may help protect against cancer 8. Some of these flavonoids act as antioxidants and may block the expression of certain genes that are responsible for some degenerative diseases, including cancer 8. Citrus fruits may also help fight cancer by suppressing cancers, blocking the formation of new cancers and making carcinogens inactive 8.

Citrus fruits have been widely studied for their protective effects on a variety of cancer types. In fact, a Japanese study found that people who ate higher amounts of these fruits had lower rates of heart disease and stroke Furthermore, a review suggests that grapefruits are linked to a decrease in systolic blood pressure And many of the flavonoids in citrus fruits, including one called naringin, are strong antioxidants that benefit the heart in several ways Many compounds in citrus fruits can benefit heart health by improving cholesterol levels and lowering blood pressure.

Flavonoids found in citrus fruits have anti-inflammatory capabilities that are thought to help protect against the chain of events that causes the nervous system to deteriorate 27 , Specific types of flavonoids, including hesperidin and apigenin, have been shown to protect brain cells and improve brain function in mice and test-tube studies Several studies in older adults have also shown that citrus juices may boost brain function 29 , 30 , Citrus fruits and juices may help boost brain function and protect the brain from neurodegenerative disorders.

Eating lots of citrus fruits or juices could increase the risk of cavities. Interestingly, certain compounds in citrus peels may combat the bacteria that cause dental cavities, although more research is needed to see how that information could be used First, more sugar per serving translates to more calories.

Drinking fruit juice and other high-calorie beverages can cause you to gain weight Second, when your body takes in large amounts of fructose the type of sugar in fruit juice , it is quickly absorbed into your bloodstream and delivered to your liver If your liver gets more fructose than it can handle, it turns some of the extra fructose into fat.

Over time, those fat deposits can cause fatty liver disease Plus, the fiber found in fruit buffers the fructose, causing it to be absorbed more slowly into your bloodstream.

Furanocoumarin, a chemical in grapefruit, binds to this enzyme and keeps it from working properly. There are several prescription and over-the-counter drugs that are affected by grapefruit, including 40 :. While citrus fruits are generally healthy, they can have some drawbacks. Their acid can erode tooth enamel and grapefruit can interact with some medications.

But aim to consume whole fruits, rather than a lot of fruit juice, as its high sugar content can lead to problems. Overall, citrus fruits are healthy, low in calories and convenient to eat. Most people could benefit from adding more citrus to their diet. Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available.

Bitter orange is a citrus fruit that's often processed into an extract. This article explains everything you need to know about bitter orange. These 12 food additives are widely used to enhance the appearance, flavor or shelf life of foods.

This article lets you know which are safe and which…. While they're not typically able to prescribe, nutritionists can still benefits your overall health. Let's look at benefits, limitations, and more. A new study found that healthy lifestyle choices — including being physically active, eating well, avoiding smoking and limiting alcohol consumption —….

Carb counting is complicated. Take the quiz and test your knowledge! Together with her husband, Kansas City Chiefs MVP quarterback Patrick Mahomes, Brittany Mohomes shares how she parents two children with severe food….

While there are many FDA-approved emulsifiers, European associations have marked them as being of possible concern. Let's look deeper:. Researchers have found that a daily multivitamin supplement was linked with slowed cognitive aging and improved memory.

Dietitians can help you create a more balanced diet or a specialized one for a variety of conditions. We look at their benefits and limitations. Liquid collagen supplements might be able to reduce some effects of aging, but research is ongoing and and there may be side effects.

A Quiz for Teens Are You a Workaholic? How Well Do You Sleep? Health Conditions Discover Plan Connect. Nutrition Evidence Based 7 Reasons to Eat More Citrus Fruits. By Kerri-Ann Jennings, MS, RD on July 11, What Are Citrus Fruits?

Citrus Fruits Are Low in Calories. They May Reduce Your Risk of Kidney Stones. They May Help Fight or Protect Against Cancer.

They Contain Nutrients That Boost Heart Health. Its occlusive properties can help to retain moisture, and it can also contain small amounts of essential oil from the rind, which impart fresh lemon notes to the fragrance.

Regarding its safety profile, this ingredient contains natural constituents that may be skin sensitisers for some people, and it's best used with care in topical applications. Lemon oil, along with a group of citrus fruit-derived ingredients, were assessed by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review CIR Expert Panel in Yang Shan.

Comprehensive Utilization of Citrus By-Products. Klimek-Szczykutowicz, M. Citrus limon Lemon Phenomenon-A Review of the Chemistry, Pharmacological Properties, Applications in the Modern Pharmaceutical, Food, and Cosmetics Industries, and Biotechnological Studies. Plants Basel, Switzerland , 9 1 , Burnett, C.

Safety Assessment of Citrus Fruit-Derived Ingredients as Used in Cosmetics. European Chemicals Agency Lemon, ext. EC number: CAS number: Tropical Plants Database, Ken Fern. The store will not work correctly in the case when cookies are disabled.

Just like orange fruit, lemon fruit also contains citric acid so it is commonly used as a natural, mild exfoliating agent.

If this is the case, it is usually combined with other AHA containing fruit extracts such as bilberry , sugar cane , orange , and sugar maple in a super popular ingredient mix trade named ACB Fruit Mix.

But, citrus fruits are chemically complex mixtures with a bunch of other active components such as vitamin C, flavonoids, phenolics, carbohydrates and essential oil this latter one coming from the rind of the fruit, but still present in some amount in the fruit extract. These have the potential to give lemon extract antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-dandruff, venotonic and moisturizing properties , but the essential oil also brings some questionable compounds such as fragrance allergen limonene or phototoxic compound bergaptene.

If your skin is sensitive, be careful with citrus extracts. Products Ingredients Decode INCI Login Register. Login Register. Products Ingredients Decode INCI.

Follow us on our new Insta page ». Citrus Limon Fruit Extract. Also-called-like-this: Lemon Fruit Extract. Official CosIng Information All Functions: masking, skin conditioning. Description: citrus limon fruit extract is an extract of the fruit of the lemon, citrus limon l.

We use this ingredient for its conditioning properties in some of our hair care products. Citrus limon is a species of small evergreen citrus tree native to South Asia and cultivated around the world for its tangy fruit.

Trees come in several varieties and grow to around 3 meters tall, with thorny branches and sparse foliage. The flesh, juice and rind of the yellow fruit botanists refer to it as a berry can all be used for their fragrance and flavour.

Lemons are rich in vitamin C and citric acid, as well as numerous other phytochemicals. Lemon fruit extract can be used in hair care products to enhance body and shine.

It contains proteins that nourish hair fibres, helping to promote maximum volume. It's also rich in antioxidants such as vitamin C, which help protect hair against free radical damage. Its occlusive properties can help to retain moisture, and it can also contain small amounts of essential oil from the rind, which impart fresh lemon notes to the fragrance.

Regarding its safety profile, this ingredient contains natural constituents that may be skin sensitisers for some people, and it's best used with care in topical applications. Lemon oil, along with a group of citrus fruit-derived ingredients, were assessed by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review CIR Expert Panel in Yang Shan.

Comprehensive Utilization of Citrus By-Products. Klimek-Szczykutowicz, M. Citrus limon Lemon Phenomenon-A Review of the Chemistry, Pharmacological Properties, Applications in the Modern Pharmaceutical, Food, and Cosmetics Industries, and Biotechnological Studies.