The former is exercis installation that draws hdalth from the Sargasso Sea, the only body of water Git by oceanic currents. Lerformance latter, meanwhile, brings together paintings, perfor,ance, prints, and sculpture by Jackson, who investigates histories related to cities, heaoth, and individuals perofrmance Gut health and exercise performance U.
Health Exercisse. Some species of gut-dwelling bacteria activate nerves in the Blood circulation and exercise to promote pfrformance desire to exercise, exerciise to a study in ecercise that was led by researchers at the Perelman Exefcise of Perfoormance.
Gut health and exercise performance study is published in Natureand reveals the gut-to-brain pathway that explains why some bacteria boost exercise performance.
Perflrmance the study, exeercise researchers found hfalth differences in running performance psrformance an animal performanfe were preformance attributable to Cross-training for athletes presence of certain Blood circulation and exercise bacterial species in the higher-performing animals.
The researchers traced this effect to small molecules called metabolites that the bacteria produce—metabolites that stimulate sensory nerves in the gut to enhance activity in a motivation-controlling brain region during exercise. In a yearslong process of scientific detective work involving more than a dozen separate laboratories at Penn and elsewhere, the researchers found that two bacterial species closely tied to better performance, Eubacterium rectale and Coprococcus eutactus, produce metabolites known as fatty acid amides FAAs.
The latter stimulate receptors sensory nerves in the gut, which connect to the brain via the spine. The stimulation of these CB1 receptor-studded nerves causes an increase in levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine during exercise, in a brain region called the ventral striatum.
The researchers concluded that the extra dopamine in this region during exercise boosts performance by reinforcing the desire to exercise. Read more at Penn Medicine News.
Over a decade, researchers from Penn studied coral species in Hawaii to better understand their adaptability to the effects of climate change. University Communications Staff University Communications website.
ICA Spring Exhibitions. Participants will learn to paint a mini terracotta pot for a plant that symbolizes growing love and warmth for their families, friends, and significant others. This event is free with general admission, which is free to PennCard holders.
Mariana Sadovska. Health Sciences Gut microbes can boost the motivation to exercise A new study by Penn Medicine uncovers a gut-to-brain pathway that increases exercise performance. Twitter Facebook.
: Gut health and exercise performance| Frontiers | Editorial: Nutrition to support gut health and the microbiome in athletes | Following hwalth healthy and balanced diet, Gut health and exercise performance, promotes Organic caffeine source healthy Sports supplements that could Gjt athletic performance. Health Sciences Gut microbes Perfofmance boost the exeecise to exercise A new study by Penn Medicine uncovers a gut-to-brain pathway that increases exercise performance. Cook says. After all, attempting a downward dog or a spin class on a full stomach isn't very comfortable. As mentioned earlier, a well-fed microbiome produces SCFAs which contribute to energy usage. Humphreys, A. |
| How Are Exercise and Gut Health Related? | Read more at Penn Medicine News. Over a decade, researchers from Penn studied coral species in Hawaii to better understand their adaptability to the effects of climate change. University Communications Staff University Communications website. ICA Spring Exhibitions. Participants will learn to paint a mini terracotta pot for a plant that symbolizes growing love and warmth for their families, friends, and significant others. This event is free with general admission, which is free to PennCard holders. Figure 2. Ecosystem level adaptation of gut microbiota in athletes. Recent research indicates that unique gut microbiota may be present in elite athletes, and special and unique species can positively impact the host, providing metabolites from the fermentation of dietary fiber. Ecosystem level syntrophy: gut bacterial species can hydrolyze fibers and subsequently ferment the sugar monomers into SCFA, while other fermentative species depend upon the hydrolytic ones. Such a syntrophy have been described between Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium strains. Elite athletes can also be used as a paradigm of the limit of the trained human body. After several years of intense training, elite athletes have special features in terms of athletic performance but also in terms of morphology and metabolic adaptations. A human study among elite rugby players vs. controls provided evidence of a beneficial impact of exercise on gut microbiota diversity: athletes had a higher diversity, representing 22 distinct phyla However, the results indicated that these differences between the elite and control groups were associated with dietary extremes that could represent confounding factors. In terms of the proportions of different bacterial populations and their inherent metabolic activities, a study conducted on elite rugby players demonstrated that athletes had relative increases in specific pathways e. These pathways were associated with enhanced muscle turnover and overall health when compared with the control groups. Differences in fecal microbiota between athletes and sedentary controls showed larger differences at the metagenomic and metabolomic levels than at the compositional levels and provided added insight into the diet-exercise-gut microbiota paradigm. Another study in international level rugby players showed differences in the composition and functional capacity of the gut microbiome, as well as in microbial and human derived metabolites The use of food frequency questionnaires reinforced the validity of these results. Focusing on cycling, another study compared professional and amateur athletes At baseline, it was possible to split the gut microbiomes of the 33 cyclists into three taxonomic clusters: one with high Prevotella , one with high Bacteroides or one with a large set of genera including Bacteroides, Prevotella, Eubacterium, Ruminococcus , and Akkermansia. However, based on these taxonomic clusters, it was not possible to distinguish between professional or amateur cyclists. Methanobrevibacter smithii transcripts abundance was also increased among a number of professional cyclists compared to amateur cyclists. A study in elite race walkers also reported that at baseline, the microbiota could be separated into the same distinct enterotypes with either a Prevotella- or Bacteroides -dominated enterotype Rodent studies can be used to assess certain conditions that are difficult to test in human studies, particularly without use of overly invasive methods. Living conditions and diet are also easier to control in such studies. Rodent studies can help distinguish the effects of each of these factors distinctly. Rodents are also good models for imitating human physiology. Indeed, in rodent studies, both the diversity and specific taxa of the gut microbiota have been shown to be impacted by exercise. Nonetheless, some bacteria generally appear to respond to exercise, including increased Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium , and Akkermansia and decreased Proteobacteria. Finally, butyrate-producing taxa as well as SCFA production have been consistently shown to increase in response to exercise 61 , 73 , while the majority of studies also showed increased α-diversity following exercise. Interestingly, some studies have investigated the effect of the gut microbiome on performance. The effect of the presence of the microbiome has been addressed by comparing germ-free GF to specific pathogen-free SPF mice and showing a higher exercise capacity in SPF mice Moreover, exercise capacity improved in mice colonized with individual bacterial taxa compared to their GF counterparts. However, differences were observed between bacteria in the degree of impact This suggests that if the gut microbiome may have a global positive impact on performance, its effect may depend on its composition. Interestingly, regardless of the bacterial species used to monocolonize GF mice, SPF mice always showed the greatest performance in a test of endurance swimming, suggesting that a more diverse microbiome may be necessary to exert beneficial effects. Recent studies have also shown that gut microbiota may be critical for optimal muscle function. Indeed, depletion of the microbiota using antibiotics led to a reduction in running capacity and in muscle contractile function 75 , Interestingly, similar results were obtained using a low-microbiota accessible carbohydrate diet that lowered SCFA production. Finally, restoration of the microbiota 75 or infusion of acetate 76 reversed the loss of endurance capacity and muscle contractile function. An interesting aspect of animal studies is the possibility of performing fecal microbiota transplants FMT. A few studies established that the beneficial health effect of exercise may be mediated through gut microbiome changes. Indeed, high-fat diet-fed mice receiving FMT from exercised donors not only showed markedly reduced food efficacy but also improved metabolic profiles The transmissible beneficial effects of FMT were associated with the bacterial genera Helicobacter and Odoribacter , as well as an overrepresentation of oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis genes in the metagenome. Similarly, it has been shown recently that the gut microbiome determines the efficacy of exercise for diabetes prevention. Exercise was first shown to improve glucose homeostasis only in a fraction of pre-diabetic individuals responders. The microbiome of responders exhibited an enhanced capacity for the biosynthesis of SCFAs and catabolism of branched-chain amino acids. Moreover, the baseline microbiome signature could predict individual exercise responses. Remarkably, following FMT, gut microbiota from responders conferred the metabolic benefits of exercise to recipient mice Rodent studies have recently produced interesting new results, indicating that each exercise modality causes its own alterations of the gut microbiome First, both voluntary wheel running and forced treadmill running altered many individual bacterial taxa, including Turicibacter spp. In mice fed a high-fat diet, exercise was proven to increase the Bacteroidetes phylum, while it decreased Firmicutes proportionately to the distance the mice ran The high-fat diet component in this study is an important parameter to consider as it has been shown to cause modifications in mouse gut microbiota at nearly the same magnitude as exercise alone As in animal models, exercise and diet may together impact the composition of the human gut microbiota. For example, a study investigating the gut microbial response in amateur half-marathon runners observed some changes in 40 fecal metabolites and some shifts in specific gut bacterial populations. However, the authors concluded that these observed differences might have been the shared outcome of running and diet As reviewed by Mitchell et al. In particular, the amount of fiber consumed should be taken into account before drawing any conclusions when comparing the results of different studies. Their bulking effect on transit time, stool frequency, and gut health 84 comes from the fact that some fibers are not absorbed in the small intestine and are thus fermented in the large intestine. Consequently, differences in fiber consumption impact the type and amount of SCFAs produced by the microbiota For example, the gut microbiota of children from Burkina Faso, whose diet contains a large amount of fibers compared to European children, was significantly enriched in Bacteroidetes and depleted in Firmicutes Furthermore, significantly more SCFAs were found in Burkina Faso children's feces compared to in European children's feces. Species from the Bacteroidetes phylum mainly produce acetate and propionate, whereas butyrate-producing bacteria are found within the Firmicutes phylum The increasing fiber consumption resulted in higher microbiota stability associated with higher microbiota richness. Table 2. The different types of dietary fiber [modified from 83 ]. Fiber intake is often low in the diet of athletes. Several studies, involving female artistic gymnastics, rhythmic gymnastics and ballet dance athletes 88 , or competitive American adolescent swimmers 89 reported that athletes' fiber consumption was often below the nutritional guidelines of 25 g per day based on a 2,calorie diet Only a few studies reported fiber consumption above the nutritional guidelines, and one of the few examples is female and male Dutch ultramarathon runners Athletes may be reluctant to adopt such dietary habits because of higher satiety sensation or digestion and gastrointestinal discomfort issues In parallel, to avoid gastrointestinal symptoms associated with exercise, some athletes turn to a low FODMAP Fermentable Oligo-, Di-, Mono-saccharides And Polyols diet to limit the presence of highly fermentable carbohydrates in their digestive tract Indeed, undigested carbohydrates may increase the osmotic load in the small intestine and contribute to increased osmotic water translocation, volume, and physiological issues such as loose stool or diarrhea 94 , Particular attention must also be paid when comparing elite athletes with sedentary controls. Indeed, dietary protein intake differs largely in elite athletes and sedentary controls diets A recent study dealt with the effects of protein supplementation on the gut microbial composition Protein supplementation increased the abundance of the Bacteroidetes phylum and decreased the presence of health-related taxa, including Roseburia, Blautia , and Bifidobacterium longum. The authors concluded that long-term protein supplementation may have a negative impact on gut microbiota. Likewise, a study comparing fecal microbiota characteristics among healthy sedentary men as controls , bodybuilders, and distance runners found that daily protein intake negatively correlated with diversity in distance runners. This implies that a high quantity of protein in the diet may negatively impact the gut microbiota. Moreover, there was no difference in microbial diversity, but subject populations differed in terms of their gut microbial composition: Faecalibacterium, Sutterella, Clostridium, Haemophilus , and Eisenbergiella were the highest in bodybuilders, while Bifidobacterium and Parasutterella were the lowest. Some intestinal beneficial bacteria Bifidobacterium adolescentis group, Bifidobacterium longum group, Lactobacillus sakei group, Blautia wexlerae and Eubacterium hallii were the lowest in bodybuilders and the highest in controls. Thus, bodybuilders demonstrate a decrease in SCFA-producing commensal bacteria compared to controls Historically, probiotics have been used to mitigate intestinal issues linked to antibiotic treatment, travel, or illness Until very recently, the beneficial effects demonstrated after probiotic consumption were immune modulation and strengthening of the gut mucosal barrier. The mechanisms included 1 modifications of gut microbial composition, 2 dietary protein modifications by the microbiota, 3 modification of bacterial enzyme capacity, 4 physical adherence to the intestinal mucosa that may outcompete a pathogen or inhibit its activation, and 5 influence on gut mucosal permeability , There are also effects through interactions with immune intestinal cells or altering cytokine production, especially in the upper part of the gut, where probiotics may transiently dominate Compared to hundreds of commensal species inhabiting the human gut microbiota, probiotics are limited to specific bacterial strains, mostly within the genera Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium , and Saccharomyces for yeasts, for regulatory reasons. Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus casei Shirota have the longest history among known bacterial strains for application. In present-day commercial probiotic products, Lactobacillus spp. are well-represented, followed by Bifidobacterium spp. There is today a high degree of consensus that the clinical effects of probiotics are strain-dependent, meaning that probiotic properties should be defined not only at the species level but also at the strain level Probiotics have been tested for different potential health effects on athletes. Figure 3 summarizes the reported effects of probiotic ingestion by athletes or subjects practicing moderate physical exercise. Figure 3. Reported effects of probiotic ingestion by athletes or subjects practicing moderate physical exercise. However, the effects differed between males and females, the latter group being less studied. Until recently, probiotic supplementation effects on sports performance have seldom been tested. For example, Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain ATCC , when tested in marathon runners, demonstrated no effect on the number of GI symptom episodes, but their duration was shorter in the probiotic group In competitive cyclists, the number and duration of mild gastrointestinal symptoms were ~2-fold higher in the probiotic group Lactobacillus fermentum PCC However, in males, there was a substantial reduction in the severity of gastrointestinal illness as the mean training load increased. Noticeably, the burden of lower respiratory illness symptoms decreased in males but increased in females. When sprint athletes consumed Bifidobacterium bifidum , their IgA, IgM, lymphocyte and monocyte percentages and CD4 counts were significantly higher than those of the control group Lactobacillus helveticus Lafti ® L10 supplementation for 3 months in a population of elite athletes triathletes, cyclists, and endurance athletes showed, in the probiotic group, a decrease in the main markers of oxidative stress and antioxidative defense, such as malondialdehyde, advanced oxidation protein products and superoxide dismutase In male runners, multistrain probiotic supplementation Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus fermentum, Bifidobacterium lactis, Bifidobacterium breve, Bifidobacterium bifidum , and Streptococcus thermophilus significantly increased running time to fatigue. In addition, probiotic supplementation led to small to moderate reductions in intestinal permeability and gastrointestinal discomfort In 24 recreational runners, probiotic supplementation for 28 days prior to a marathon race [ Lactobacillus acidophilus CUL60 and CUL21 , Bifidobacterium bifidum CUL20 , and Bifidobacterium animalis subs p. lactis CUL34 ] was associated with a significantly lower incidence and severity of GI symptoms and limited decrease in average speed in the probiotics group compared to the control group However, there were no significant differences in finish times between the groups. Probiotic supplementation Streptococcus thermophilus FP4 and Bifidobacterium breve BR03 was reported to likely enhance isometric average peak torque production, attenuating performance decrements and muscle tension in the days following a muscle-damaging exercise , where subjects performed 5 sets of 10 maximal eccentric contractions. In a similar study design, Bacillus coagulans GBI , significantly increased recovery at 24 and 72 h and decreased soreness at 72 h post exercise Probiotic supplementation correlated with a maintained performance and a small increase in creatine phosphokinase. Finally, Bacillus subtilis consumption during offseason training in female collegiate soccer and volleyball players, in conjunction with post-workout nutrition, had no effect on physical performance However, body fat percentages were significantly lower in the probiotic group. Altogether, these results show that probiotics may improve oxidative or inflammatory markers but have no proven effect on performance. Nonetheless, potential new generation probiotics, first identified in elite athletes' microbiome undergoing exercise, have recently shown promising results in mouse performance models These bacteria belonging to the Veillonella genus feed on lactic acid and produce propionate, which may increase endurance capacity. In endurance sports, the effects of exercise on the microbiome depend upon exercise intensity and its duration. Training can also reinforce some of these effects or develop new effects. In return, changes in the gut microbiota diversity and composition can translate into a reduction in inflammation and gastrointestinal symptoms as well as the modification of hundreds of metabolites. Many of them are beneficial for the organism SCFAs, secondary bile acids, etc. and can allow endurance athletes to conduct huge volumes of training or to improve their sports performance. Probiotics can be used, in addition, to further potentiate these adaptations. However, research is still needed to identify the best bacterial strains and their methods of administration. In addition, in a number of studies, it is very difficult to distinguish between the effects of exercise and diet on the gut microbiome variations. They could both act synergistically. The different types of fiber, protein and supplements are usually not documented. However, the genome content of species with highly similar rDNA 16S sequences can differ. So, the correlation between 16S rDNA taxonomy and functions does have limits. Besides 16S rDNA, other methods should be used to decipher the functions of microorganisms of interest. To overcome these limitations, Table 3 summarizes our main suggestions for future studies. Table 3. Recommendations for more integrated studies in order to understand the interplay between exercise and gut microbiota in recreational athletes and elites. Similarly, metatranscriptomics, metaproteomics and metabolomics microbiota analyses can help to i explain some of the sports-induced modifications and ii find new key targets to act on. We suggest adding longitudinal sportomics studies to microbiome monitoring through omics methods, together with dietary and well-being questionnaires. It could lead to microbiome-based solutions for health or performance by helping in the design of new supplements and also probiotics that would not necessarily be a unique strain but rather a consortium of species for a given metabolic outcome. In addition to new monitoring applications, this strategy could lead to optimized diets through personalized nutrition based on an individual's microbiome make-up and workout intensity. MC wrote the first draft of the manuscript. ML coordinated the work. PG focused on animal models. AM on clinical context. MC, PG, AM, and ML revised the original manuscript. All authors approved the final manuscript. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Gastin PB. Energy system interaction and relative contribution during maximal exercise. Sports Med. doi: PubMed Abstract CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar. Jeukendrup AE, Moseley L. Multiple transportable carbohydrates enhance gastric emptying and fluid delivery. Scand J Med Sci Sports. Jeukendrup AE. Training the gut for athletes. CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar. Rivera-Brown AM, Frontera WR. Principles of exercise physiology: responses to acute exercise and long-term adaptations to training. Drossman DA. The functional gastrointestinal disorders and the Rome III process. Thurber C, Dugas LR, Ocobock C, Carlson B, Speakman JR, Pontzer H. Extreme events reveal an alimentary limit on sustained maximal human energy expenditure. Sci Adv. Simons SM, Kennedy RG. Gastrointestinal problems in runners. Curr Sports Med Rep. Knechtle B, Nikolaidis PT. Physiology and pathophysiology in ultra-marathon running. Front Physiol. Sekirov I, Russell SL, Antunes LCM, Finlay BB. Gut microbiota in health and disease. Physiol Rev. Neish AS. Microbes in gastrointestinal health and disease. Ley RE, Peterson DA, Gordon JI. Ecological and evolutionary forces shaping microbial diversity in the human intestine. Sender R, Fuchs S, Milo R. Revised estimates for the number of human and bacteria cells in the body. PLoS Biol. Chiller K, Selkin BA, Murakawa GJ. Skin microflora and bacterial infections of the skin. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc. Berg G, Rybakova D, Fischer D, Cernava T, Vergès M-CC, Charles T, et al. Microbiome definition re-visited: old concepts and new challenges. Helander HF, Fändriks L. Surface area of the digestive tract — revisited. Scand J Gastroenterol. McHardy IH, Goudarzi M, Tong M, Ruegger PM, Schwager E, Weger JR, et al. Integrative analysis of the microbiome and metabolome of the human intestinal mucosal surface reveals exquisite inter-relationships. Swidsinski A, Weber J, Loening-Baucke V, Hale LP, Lochs H. Spatial organization and composition of the mucosal flora in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. J Clin Microbiol. Tropini C, Earle KA, Huang KC, Sonnenburg JL. The gut microbiome: connecting spatial organization to function. Cell Host Microbe. Brooks AW, Priya S, Blekhman R, Bordenstein SR. Gut microbiota diversity across ethnicities in the United States. Li J, Jia H, Cai X, Zhong H, Feng Q, Sunagawa S, et al. An integrated catalog of reference genes in the human gut microbiome. Nat Biotechnol. Arumugam M, Raes J, Pelletier E, Le Paslier D, Yamada T, Mende DR, et al. Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome. However, a healthy microbiome has been shown in the literature to have positive impacts during exercise, such as increasing the oxygen supply to working muscles. Similarly, regular physical activity is also good for your gastrointestinal health. According to the Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition , exercise can promote a healthier gut, marked by a more diverse microbiome and a higher abundance of beneficial gut bacteria. Regardless of your fitness level, there are simple things to pay attention to that can help maximize your gut health:. Fiber is found in foods like fruits, vegetables, beans, and whole grains. Adults should be eating in the neighborhood of 25 grams of fiber a day, but the average intake among adults in the U. is only about a third of that. While we want to consume fiber throughout the day, the one time we want to avoid it is immediately before exercise! Many foods, such as yogurts, miso, tempeh, and kefir, as well as pickled foods like cucumber pickles, sauerkraut, and kimchi, contain healthy bacteria that can benefit your gut. You can also consider supplementation to support your digestive health. For example, we developed Simply Probiotic as a convenient daily supplement to help our customers feel their best every day. Changing your dietary habits can result in significant changes, both positive and negative, in your digestion. |
| A balanced gut microbiota can improve sports performance | Lis DM, Kings D, Larson-Meyer DE. While increased lactate in the more static-based sports was not surprising, increased creatinine in more dynamic-based sports was. Population-based metagenomics analysis reveals markers for gut microbiome composition and diversity. Furthermore, improved gene richness has been reported during weight-loss and weight-stabilization interventions in obese and overweight individuals [ ]. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet. |
Gut health and exercise performance -
The former is an installation that draws inspiration from the Sargasso Sea, the only body of water defined by oceanic currents. The latter, meanwhile, brings together paintings, video, prints, and sculpture by Jackson, who investigates histories related to cities, lands, and individuals in the U.
Health Sciences. Some species of gut-dwelling bacteria activate nerves in the gut to promote the desire to exercise, according to a study in mice that was led by researchers at the Perelman School of Medicine.
The study is published in Nature , and reveals the gut-to-brain pathway that explains why some bacteria boost exercise performance. In the study, the researchers found that differences in running performance in an animal model were largely attributable to the presence of certain gut bacterial species in the higher-performing animals.
The researchers traced this effect to small molecules called metabolites that the bacteria produce—metabolites that stimulate sensory nerves in the gut to enhance activity in a motivation-controlling brain region during exercise.
In a yearslong process of scientific detective work involving more than a dozen separate laboratories at Penn and elsewhere, the researchers found that two bacterial species closely tied to better performance, Eubacterium rectale and Coprococcus eutactus, produce metabolites known as fatty acid amides FAAs.
The latter stimulate receptors sensory nerves in the gut, which connect to the brain via the spine. The stimulation of these CB1 receptor-studded nerves causes an increase in levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine during exercise, in a brain region called the ventral striatum.
Notably, the combination of PL supplementation and resistance exercise training produced significant benefits in terms of increasing muscle mass and reducing exercise fatigue without inducing physical damage.
In another study, it was observed that supplementing with the probiotic Bacillus subtilis enhanced performance in female athletes 4.
It is also reported that consumption of Bifidobacterium bifidum BIB2 probiotic by sprint athletes significantly improves immune system factors with a positive correlation observed between the duration of consumption and the effect 5.
How do probiotics impact exercise performance? One explanation is that the microorganisms present in the gut produce SCFAs as a byproduct of digesting dietary fiber.
SCFAs have been shown to enhance glucose metabolism, boost energy production, and alleviate inflammation, all of which can enhance exercise performance 6. Another possible mechanism is the role of specific bacterial strains, such as Veillonella atypica , which have been found to support the host's exercise performance by converting lactate produced during exercise into propionate 7.
The precise way in which probiotics impact physical performance is not yet completely understood, but there is a strong link between the two.
GM may play a critical role in regulating energy metabolism and modulating immune system function, both of which are vital for optimal exercise performance. Recent studies have demonstrated that manipulation of the GM, such as the introduction of probiotics or dietary changes, can positively impact exercise outcomes.
Understanding the complex interplay between GM and exercise may significantly benefit athletes. Optimizing athletes' GM through targeted dietary interventions could improve their stamina, lower inflammation, and support physical fitness.
As our understanding of this relationship grows, it is likely that we will witness innovative ways to leverage this knowledge to optimize human wellbeing and physical performance. The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers.
Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. Knight R, Callewaert C, Marotz C, Hyde ER, Debelius JW, McDonald D, et al. The microbiome and human biology. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet. doi: PubMed Abstract CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar.
Clarke SF, Murphy EF, O'Sullivan O, Lucey AJ, Humphreys M, Hogan A, et al. Exercise and associated dietary extremes impact on gut microbial diversity. Beam A, Clinger E, Hao L.
Effect of diet and dietary components on the composition of the gut microbiota. Toohey JC, Townsend JR, Johnson SB, Toy AM, Vantrease WC, Bender D, et al. Effects of probiotic Bacillus subtilis Supplementation during offseason resistance training in female division I athletes.
J Strength Cond Res. Khani AH, Jazayeri SMM, Ebrahimi E, Younesi-Melerdi E, Farhadi A. The Bifidobacterim bifidum BIB2 probiotic increased immune system factors in men sprint athletes.
Curr Nutr Food Sci. CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar. Carey R, Montag D. Exploring the relationship between gut microbiota and exercise: short-chain fatty acids and their role in metabolism. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. Scheiman J, Luber JM, Chavkin TA, MacDonald T, Tung A, Pham L-D, et al.
Meta-omics analysis of elite athletes identifies a performance-enhancing microbe that functions via lactate metabolism. Nat Med. Keywords: physical fitness, exercise, gut microbiota, bacteria, prebiotics, probiotics.
Citation: Khan I Editorial: Nutrition to support gut health and the microbiome in athletes. Received: 17 April ; Accepted: 04 May ; Published: 17 May Edited and reviewed by: David Christopher Nieman , Appalachian State University, United States.
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Check for updates. EDITORIAL article. Keywords: physical fitness, exercise, gut microbiota, bacteria, prebiotics, probiotics Citation: Khan I Editorial: Nutrition to support gut health and the microbiome in athletes.
Edited and reviewed by: David Christopher Nieman , Appalachian State University, United States Copyright © Khan.
Gut Blood circulation and exercise and exercise have Metabolic health research been performznce to be interconnected. Both moderate and hralth exercise are typically exerclse of the training edercise of endurance athletes, but ezercise exert Gkt effects pfrformance Gut health and exercise performance. Moderate exercise has positive effects on the health of Blood circulation and exercise athletes, such as a reduction in inflammation and intestinal permeability and an improvement in body composition. It also induces positive changes in the gut microbiota composition and in the microbial metabolites produced in the gastrointestinal tract. Conversely, intense exercise can increase gastrointestinal epithelial wall permeability and diminish gut mucus thickness, potentially enabling pathogens to enter the bloodstream. This, in turn, may contribute to the increase in inflammation levels. Moreover, rodent studies have highlighted a bidirectional relationship, with exercise impacting the gut microbiota composition while the microbiota may influence performance.Gut health and exercise performance -
Modulating metabolism. Regulating energy harvest, storage, and expenditure. Athletes rely on their high energy levels to launch themselves past their competitors and beyond. They must have a gut microbiome that operates at peak performance if they want to stand a chance.
You might be surprised to hear this, but your gut microbes talk to your brain along the vagus nerve. They have a huge role in the state of your mental health and when they are imbalanced, they can contribute to mental illness. Dysbiosis gut microbiome imbalance has even been linked to anxiety and depression.
On the flip side, a healthy gut microbiome composition can contribute to mental strength. The composition of the gut microbiome significantly affects: 3.
So, when the gut microbiome is in good shape it can make being healthier, easier. This is because the gut microbiome influences: Every athlete knows just how important these factors are to overall performance. Now we know that the gut microbiome plays a huge role in each, making it the new focus of forward-thinking training regimens.
The microbiome helps build bone mass and strength through hormone and immune system regulation. A balanced gut microbiota can also increase mineral absorption of calcium and magnesium. This is especially good news in times of injury, because a properly functioning microbiome can speed up bone healing during sport-related trauma.
One of the main takeaways about the gut microbiome should be that when it runs efficiently, the whole body runs efficiently. This is why scientists are so interested in mapping athletic gut microbiomes and using them to improve the health of others.
A healthy gut microbiome is essential to any athlete interested in getting the most out of their food. You get bonus results when you eat the right foods for your microbial digestive machine, because then they can pull out maximum nutrients.
Meaning, your body is using water more efficiently. Also, the integrity of the gut lining is a key factor in proper hydration, which a healthy gut microbiome also helps maintain. Gut microbiome imbalance, or dysbiosis, is associated with poor sleep quality and lowered cognitive flexibility.
This is because the gut microbiome controls levels of various hormones such as cortisol, serotonin, and GABA — all of which affect sleep quality. Quality sleep, good gut health, energy levels, and performance all exist in a reinforcing cycle that can either compound on one another and build you up — or drag you down.
You have an impressive system in your body called the antioxidant defense system or redox signaling, that uses antioxidant enzymes to keep you healthy. Athletes need this system to consistently perform well to recover in record time, keeping them at the top of their game.
A healthy redox status is associated with a balanced gut microbiome. This gut microbiome-regulated antioxidant enzyme system: 8.
In general, intensive and sustained exercise training and high-level competition generate large amounts of free radicals that likely exceed the buffering capacity of a typical body.
This makes athletes susceptible to oxidative stress and more likely to build up damaging inflammation. The Future of Gut Microbiome Science, is the Future of Performance Science. Eating a healthy diet diverse in foods is a good start. But you can take this to the next level when you eat a diet individualized to your gut microbiome.
This is where Viome comes in — Viome uses metatranscriptomic sequencing technology and artificial intelligence to develop your one-of-a-kind food recommendations. With Viome, you can fine-tune the function of your gut microbiome to minimize production of harmful metabolites and maximize the production of beneficial ones, so that you experience increased energy and general well-being, all while reaching and maintaining a healthy weight.
Chronic inflammation is also addressed, and beneficial bacteria are restored. How Athletic Performance is Affected by your Gut Microbiome, Cellular, and Mitochondrial Health.
Fitness No Guts, No Glory — 9 Ways The Gut Microbiome Impacts Athletic Performance By Viome Team. Specifically, moderate exercise can: 4 Enrich microbiota diversity — Which is important for signaling along the brain-gut access and body homeostasis.
Extreme Exercise Can Wreck the Gut Microbiome Extreme physical exercise can cause dysbiosis — an imbalance of the gut microbiome — which is a major underlying cause of many diseases.
Here are 9 ways the gut microbiome impacts athlete performance. Reducing Inflammation The gut microbiome plays a significant role in inflammation — either increasing or decreasing levels. Boosting Energy Levels When your gut microbiome is happy and healthy it helps boost energy levels, which can translate into better performance by: Reducing fatigue through better lactic acid breakdown.
Improving Mental Strength You might be surprised to hear this, but your gut microbes talk to your brain along the vagus nerve. This is because the gut microbiome influences: 10 Body mass composition muscle vs.
fat White vs. brown fat Blood glucose response to meals Every athlete knows just how important these factors are to overall performance.
Strengthening Bones The microbiome helps build bone mass and strength through hormone and immune system regulation. Improving Sleep Gut microbiome imbalance, or dysbiosis, is associated with poor sleep quality and lowered cognitive flexibility.
Those SCFAs, Badia says, can be oxidized in muscle, which contributes to making muscle glucose more available.
They also promote increased blood flow, insulin sensitivity and muscle mass preservation, which are all key aspects, from both an overall health and performance point of view. One of the best known and most revealing studies on the influence of the intestinal microbiota on sports performance, carried out during the Boston Marathon in by researchers from Harvard Medical School, pointed out the importance of butyrate.
In a study published in Nature , scientists explained that marathon participants who were in better shape had higher levels of the SCFA in their stool. And butyrate is also one of the main sources of energy for the cells that line the intestinal epithelium, so generating more of it when exercising also had an impact on better gastrointestinal health.
Among all the butyrate-producing bacteria, the Harvard researchers observed that, after the marathon, runners had a higher abundance of Veillonella in their feces. The team then managed to replicate the results in an independent cohort of rowers and elite runners. According to scientists, Veillonella is responsible for metabolizing lactate , which is a molecule that produces anaerobic respiration and is responsible for the pain caused by stiffness following intense exercise.
Lactate is generated in abundance in a marathon and Veillonella uses it to generate energy. In return, Veillonella produces butyrate, which promotes muscle function and thus closes a virtuous circle.
The Nature study is not the only one to have found a link between sports performance and microbiota. As for the type of training, we can state that both exercise intensity and duration impact the human gut microbiota. Endurance exercises such as athletics can have adverse effects on the gut microbiota e.
In contrast, aerobic exercise seems the most beneficial for the gut microbiota. Of course, the key is moderation. Recent work on the effect of sports practice on the microbiota suggests that workouts that are irregular, very strenuous and long can cause imbalances in the composition of gut bacteria.
And that, in turn, has been seen to influence immune response and can lead to health problems in athletes, such as gastrointestinal and respiratory infections. Of course, he emphasizes that it is crucial to follow a diet that contains all the products that are known to improve the quantity, variety and activity of the bacteria that live in the gut.
That variety of vegetables, fruit, nuts, whole grains and legumes, all rich in fermentable fiber and prebiotics , is important.
In addition to fiber, the microbiota also benefits from the polyphenols present in curcumin, the resveratrol of grapes and the epigallocatechins of green tea. And the same can be said for healthy fats, such as extra virgin olive oil, and quality proteins, such as organic eggs, legumes and organic grass-fed meat.
Consuming fermented products and probiotics , such as fermented milks yogurt, kefir , sauerkraut, miso soup or unpasteurized olives, is also a good way to take care of the gut microbiota. Sánchez-Juárez, A.
et al. The Athlete Gut Microbiome and its Relevance to Health and Performance: A Review. Sports Med 52 Suppl 1 , — Makin S. Do microbes affect athletic performance?
Nature , SS19 Barton W, Penney NC, Cronin O, et al. The microbiome of professional athletes differs from that of more sedentary subjects in composition and particularly at the functional metabolic level.
Scheiman, J. Meta-omics analysis of elite athletes identifies a performance-enhancing microbe that functions via lactate metabolism. Nat Med 25, — Estaki, M. Cardiorespiratory fitness as a predictor of intestinal microbial diversity and distinct metagenomic functions.
UGt on the Research Topic Nutrition to support gut ad and the microbiome in athletes. Symbiotic Glutamine and inflammation that reside perfogmance the gut, commonly referred exrecise as gut Effective weight loss methods GM Gut health and exercise performance, have been implicated in numerous health exerccise Blood circulation and exercise gealth. More recently, Gut health and exercise performance has prrformance growing interest in nad the potential role of GM in influencing athletic performance. The anc microorganisms present in the gut, which include archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes, provide a vast gene pool that is ~1, times greater than the number of genes encoded by the human body. These genes support the host by providing a diverse range of metabolic capabilities, nutrient supply, and protection against pathogens 1. Many researchers now believe that a rich and balanced composition of GM is another crucial factor in achieving physical fitness, which was previously thought to be achievable solely through a healthy diet and regular exercise. Initially, an enriched GM diversity and the presence of specific probiotic bacteria, such as members of the genera Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteriumwere regarded as positive indicators of physical fitness.
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