Nutrition Journal volume 12Article hormoen Cite this article. Metrics hormoone. Whether these effects occur hynger normal weight and overweight individuals fastig unknown.
This study examined the effect of Annd on body weight and coronary heart disease risk in non-obese subjects. Alternate-day fasting and hunger hormone control subjects BMI 20— LDL cholesterol, Xnd cholesterol, homocysteine Algernate-day resistin concentrations remained unchanged after 12 weeks of uunger.
These findings suggest that ADF is effective for weight Alterate-day and cardio-protection in huger weight and overweight adults, though further research implementing larger Alternnate-day sizes is required before solid conclusion can be reached.
Peer Review reports. Intermittent fasting regimens, particularly alternate day fasting ADF protocols, have hujger considerable popularity in the past decade.
Only a handful ffasting studies have been performed to test the Aoternate-day of ADF on body weight and coronary heart disease CHD risk reduction, and almost all of these studies Boosting insulin efficiency been Respiratory health in Respiratory health populations BMI 30— These reports also suggest that ADF may aid in the retention of uormone mass in obese individuals [ 2 Heart health 4 ].
Hormonw addition Alternate-cay these favorable Afsting composition changes, improvements in CHD risk have also been noted. Beneficial changes in blood pressure and fsating profile i. increases in adiponectin, and decreases hunged leptin and resistin have also been reported [ 2 — 4 dontrol.
Taken together, this preliminary work horomne that ADF fastkng be effective for weight loss Altetnate-day CHD risk reduction in obese adults. Dontrol important question that remains unresolved is whether the favorable effects of ADF can also Alternate-day fasting and hunger hormone control observed in normal weight and overweight populations.
Only two hugner studies [ 56 ] have tested the effect humger ADF on Altednate-day weight and Hugner risk in non-obese Alternare-day. In a study by Heilbronn et Alternate-day fasting and hunger hormone control.
Contrary to these findings, Halberg et al. While these trials [ 5fastung ] Alternate-da some hungdr, they contfol limited by their short durations 2—3 weeks and their lack Alternate-day fasting and hunger hormone control a control group. As such, Alternate-day fasting and hunger hormone control longer-term trial 12 weeks that fsting a hungeg group is well warranted.
Hinger, the present study Stress management techniques for professionals the effect of ADF on body weight, body composition, and CHD risk parameters in both normal weight ohrmone overweight adults in a week randomized controlled feeding trial.
We hypothesized ajd ADF would reduce body weight and CHD risk in normal weight and overweight participants, when compared to controls.
Subjects were recruited from the Hjnger area Alternate-da means of advertisements placed around the University of Illinois, Chicago campus. A total Maximize nutrient timing individuals hormine interest Injury rehab nutrition plan the study, conrrol only 32 were recruited to participate after screening via a preliminary questionnaire and BMI assessment Figure 1.
Inclusion criteria were Alfernate-day follows: BMI between 20 and The experimental Leafy green retailers was approved by the University of Illinois, Chicago, Office xnd the Protection of Research Subjects, and all Aletrnate-day participants gave their written informed consent to participate Proper nutrition for marathon training the trial.
The research Allternate-day was Kiwi fruit smoothie recipes compliance with the Helsinki Declaration. Alternatee-day week, randomized, controlled, parallel-arm feeding trial was implemented as a hormine of testing the study Pre-race nutrition planning. Subjects were randomized Altwrnate-day KAV by way of Natural alternatives to diabetes medications stratified random sample.
Insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake needs for each subject were determined by the Preserving Berries at Home equation [ 7 ].
The feed and fast days began at midnight each day, and all fast day meals were consumed between ADF subjects were provided with meals on each fast day ranging from — kcaland ate ad libitum at home on the feed day.
All ADF fast day meals were prepared in the metabolic kitchen of the Human Nutrition Research Center HNRU at the University of Illinois, Chicago.
All meals were consumed outside of the research center. ADF subjects were permitted to consume energy-free beverages, tea, coffee, and sugar-free gum, and were encouraged to drink plenty of water.
Control subjects were permitted to eat ad libitum every day, and were not provided with meals from the research center.
Twelve-hour fasting blood samples were collected between 6. Participants were instructed to avoid exercise, alcohol, and coffee for 24 h before each visit. During the week diet intervention, subjects in the ADF group were instructed to eat only the foods provided on each fast day.
To assess energy intake on the fast days, ADF subjects were asked to report any extra food items consumed i. Additionally, subjects were instructed to return any leftover food items to the HNRU for weighing. To assess energy intake on the feed days, ADF and control subjects were asked to complete a 3-day food record on 2 feed days during the week, and on 1 feed day during the weekend, at week 1 and At baseline, the Research Dietician provided 15 min of instruction to all participants on how to complete the food records.
These instructions included verbal information and detailed reference guides on how to estimate portion sizes and record food items in sufficient detail to obtain an accurate estimate of dietary intake.
A validated visual analog scale VAS was used to measure hunger, fullness, and satisfaction with the ADF diet [ 9 ]. The scale was completed on 3 fast days before bedtime at week 1 and In brief, the VAS consisted of mm lines, and subjects were asked to make a vertical mark across the line corresponding to their feelings from 0 not at all to extremely for hunger, satisfaction, or fullness.
Quantification was performed by measuring the distance from the left end of the line to the vertical mark. Body weight was assessed to the nearest 0. Body composition fat mass and fat free mass was measured using dual x-ray absorptiometry DXA Hologic QDR W, Hologic Inc.
Plasma total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and triacylglycerol concentrations were measured in duplicate using enzymatic kits Biovision Inc.
The concentration of LDL-cholesterol was calculated using the Friedewald, Levy and Fredrickson equation. LDL particle size was measured by linear polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis Quantimetrix Lipoprint System, Redondo Beach, CA, USA at week 1 and 12 [ 1011 ].
Briefly, 25 μL of sample was mixed with μL of liquid loading gel containing Sudan black, and added to the gel tubes. The intra-assay coefficients of variation CV for total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triacylglycerol, and LDL particle size were 3.
All measurements were taken at week 1 and Blood pressure was measured in triplicate with the subject in a seated position after a min rest. C-reactive protein CRP was measured in duplicate using Immulite High Sensitivity CRP kits Diagnostic Products Corporation, Los Angeles, CA.
Plasma homocysteine measurements were carried out in duplicate using HPLC with fluorometric detection. The intra-assay coefficients of variation CV for CRP, homocysteine, adiponectin, leptin, and resistin were 5. Results are presented as means ± standard error of the mean SEM.
Tests for normality were included in the model. No variables were found to be not normal. Differences between groups at baseline were tested by independent samples t -test.
Within-group changes from week 1 to 12 were tested by a paired t -test. Between-group differences were tested by an independent samples t -test. Data were analyzed by using SPSS software version Thirty-two subjects commenced the study, with 30 completing the entire week trial Figure 1.
Baseline characteristics of the subjects who completed the trial are presented in Table 1. There were no significant differences at the beginning of the study between groups for age, sex, ethnicity, body weight, body composition, height or BMI. Energy intake, hunger, satisfaction, and fullness are reported in Table 2.
At baseline, there were no differences between the ADF and control groups for feed day energy intake. From week 1 to 12 of the study, energy intake remained constant on both feed and fast days in the ADF group.
Hunger levels were moderate as baseline, and did not change by week 12 in either group. Changes in body weight and body composition are displayed in Figure 2. Body weight and body composition changes at week Values reported as mean ± SEM.
ADF: Alternate day fasting. No difference between groups for fat free mass at week 12 Independent samples t -test. Changes in plasma lipids and LDL particle size are reported in Table 3. However, changes in total cholesterol levels were not significantly different from controls at week HDL cholesterol concentrations remained unchanged throughout the trial.
Changes in blood pressure, homocysteine, CRP, and adipokines are shown in Table 4. Plasma homocysteine and resistin concentrations remained unchanged after 12 weeks of treatment. This diet strategy may also have cardio-protective effects in non-obese subjects, by way of lowering triacylglycerols, CRP and leptin, while increasing LDL particle size and adiponectin concentrations.
The primary goal of this study was to determine if non-obese individuals could benefit from ADF in terms of weight loss. Previous ADF studies implementing non-obese subjects report inconsistent findings [ 56 ]. The limited amount of weight loss reported previously is undoubtedly a factor of the short trial durations implemented [ 56 ].
Thus, we wanted to determine if the degree of weight loss could be amplified if the trial duration was extended to 12 weeks. This degree of weight loss in non-obese participants is similar to what has been reported for obese individuals undergoing ADF [ 2 — 4 ].
For instance, Bhutani et al. In line with these findings, Klempel et al. Thus, ADF may produce a mean rate of weight loss of approximately 0. Fat free mass was also retained after 12 weeks of ADF in non-obese individuals.
This finding is similar to what has been reported in previous short-term studies of ADF [ 2 — 4 ]. As such, the beneficial preservation of fat free mass observed in obese individuals [ 2 — 4 ] may be replicated in non-obese subjects participating in ADF protocols.
Our findings also indicate that normal weight and overweight subjects have no problem adhering to the fast day protocol for 12 weeks. It should be noted, however, that one normal weight subject dropped out of the trial due to an inability to adhere to the diet.
: Alternate-day fasting and hunger hormone control| More Diet Reviews: | Body composition fat mass and fat free mass was measured using dual x-ray absorptiometry DXA Hologic QDR W, Hologic Inc. During periods of fasting, the body stimulates this process to help rid the body of old, worn out, or dysfunctional proteins. Metrics details. Funding source Departmental grant from Kinesiology and Nutrition at the University of Illinois, Chicago. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr Berl. Dietary restriction stimulates BDNF production in the brain and thereby protects neurons against excitotoxic injury. |
| Not so fast: Pros and cons of the newest diet trend | Alternate-day fasting ADF is one of the many different methods of intermittent fasting. Unlike other methods where you have a specific eating window within a hour period, ADF is as simple as it sounds — you alternate between days where no calories are consumed, and days where food and beverages are consumed as desired [ 1 ]. Monday: Eat Tuesday: Fast Wednesday: Eat Thursday: Fast Friday: Eat Saturday: Fast Sunday: Eat. It can lead to weight loss and improved body composition. A study looked at the effects of alternate-day fasting in non-obese subjects participating in a day experiment of eating every other day. Participants lost, on average, 2. Appetite is regulated by a complex interaction between several hormones—leptin, ghrelin, cortisol, PYY, to name a few. Leptin is a hormone that is produced by fat cells and signals to your brain that you are full, whereas ghrelin is a hormone that exhibits stimulatory effects on food intake, fat deposition, and growth hormone release, and signals to your brain that you are hungry [ 7 ]. Some research shows that ADF causes weight loss by altering energy intake and expenditure and hormone balance, while other studies suggest that appetite remains unchanged [ 4 , 8 ]. However, there is research to support the fact that modified ADF may be a more effective method for regulating hunger and achieving weight loss compared to full-day fasts [ 4 ]. Studies also suggest that a prolonged schedule of fasting and feasting leads to state of hunger and irritability, which would likely interfere with an individuals ability to sustain this style of eating long-term [ 4 ]. Research consistently shows that both ADF and modified ADF can [ 9 ]:. While the causes are multifaceted, studies show that alternate-day fasting protocols may offer cardioprotective effects by altering adipose tissue physiology body fat distribution, triglyceride metabolism, adipokines in such a way that may protect against various cardiovascular conditions, as well as reduce blood pressure, triglycerides, and cholesterol levels to enhance vascular function [ 2 , 11 ]. Chronic low-grade inflammation and elevated oxidative stress are major risk factors in the pathology of several chronic diseases [ 12 ], but regular periods of fasting may mitigate levels of oxidative stress and help curb inflammation. Results showed a significant decrease in serum triglycerides and cholesterol, as well as several markers of oxidative stress, increased levels of the antioxidant uric acid, and decreased markers of inflammation TNF-alpha, BDNF , suggesting that ADF can improve pulmonary function and decrease oxidative stress and inflammation. During periods of fasting, the body stimulates this process to help rid the body of old, worn out, or dysfunctional proteins. Studies suggest that a disruption to the process of autophagy is an underlying factor involved in neurodegeneration, along with various metabolic diseases [ 14 , 15 ]. Essentially, stimulating autophagy helps the body remove debris and self-regulate; it hits the reset button on your body to promote greater functional efficiency, as well as stronger survival and adaptation responses to stressors and toxins that enter the body. And for anyone looking to alter body composition, this can be really beneficial because it represents the switch from lipid synthesis and fat storage to fat mobilization, which is why research supports the role of IF for the treatment of obesity and other metabolic conditions. For most people, the metabolic switch is flipped on somewhere between 12 and 36 hours after food consumption has stopped [ 16 ]. Studies suggest that for most people it is. However, some research shows minor mood or behavioral side effects in response to fasting, including feeling cold, irritable, low energy, difficulty concentrating, or hungry, but symptoms tend to subside after about one month [ 3 , 9 ]. For people who struggle to do full day fasting every other day, some health experts will recommend the fasting diet , with approximately calories consumed one day per week, then gradually reducing it until calories can be consumed 2 days per week. The Abbott sensor is factory calibrated and therefore does not require calibration by capillary prick blood. However subjects are instructed to scan the sensor with the corresponding recorder at least every 8 h. Each scan displays a real-time glucose result, a historical trend and the direction the glucose is heading indicated by an arrow. Physical examination is done by the trial physician, who assesses the health status of each study participant e. Body weight is measured with the patient standing and then registered after rounding to the nearest g. Height is measured using a metric tape with the patient standing against the wall and the value marked by a ruler placed horizontally to the head of the patient. BMI is estimated using the weight in kilograms divided by the second power of the height expressed in meters. Waist circumference is measured by the same study nurse in the morning in the fasting state. According to the World Health Organization WHO guidelines, waist circumference is measured at the midpoint between the top of the iliac crest upper edge of the main pelvic bone and lower margin of the last palpable rib in the mid axillary line lowest point of the rib cage that can be located by touch along the side of the body. Hip circumference is measured in a similar manner, with the tape being passed around the hips at the widest circumference of the buttocks. The blood pressure should be measured in a sitting position, with legs uncrossed, the back and arms in an upright position. Subjects should not talk during the measurement. Pulse as beats per minute is recorded after resting for 5 min in a sitting position by palpating the radial artery. Transthoracic echocardiography is performed with a Vivid E9 GE Healthcare, Chalfont St Giles, UK at the Department of Cardiology Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria. Examinations are performed by investigators with vast experience in echocardiography EK or NV who are blinded to individual participant data, except name and birth date. Recorded images and loops are digitally saved for later analyses. All measurements are performed by a single investigator NV under blinded conditions, and AS serves as supervisor for data measurement. For acquisition of images in the parasternal view the participant is placed in the steep left-lateral decubitus position. Images are acquired during quiet respiration. The image rate is at least 30 frames per second. Target measurements include, among others, the left ventricular mass index, end-diastolic and end-systolic volume, left ventricular ejection fraction, parameters of left ventricular diastolic function and left atrial volume index. All data are assessed as recommended in international guidelines [ 29 , 51 ]. IPAQ is used in the current study. This tool was developed in for measuring physical activity and was followed by extensive reliability and validity testing undertaken across 12 countries 14 sites during [ 52 , 53 ]. The final results suggested that this tool had acceptable measurement properties for use in many settings and in different languages and was suitable for national population-based prevalence studies of participation in physical activity. The short version of IPAQ tool is used in the current study. The tool includes a set of four questionnaires. The questions focus on the time spent being physically active in the last 7 days. The short form 36 SF 36 health questionnaire presents the short version of a battery of health questions used in the RAND Corp. study of health insurance in the US [ 54 ]. The aspects of the questions regarding functional status, general wellbeing and overall evaluation of health can be completed in less than 10 min while retaining the validity and reliability of the longer questionnaire [ 55 ]. Because the study is performed in Austria, the German version of the questionnaire is used. A self-administered, semi-quantitative FFQ was developed to assess usual food consumption within the German Health Examination Survey for Adults — DEGS [ 56 ]. The relative validity of this questionnaire was studied among participants of another nationwide survey, the German National Nutrition Monitoring NEMONIT [ 57 ]. The FFQ includes questions about the frequency and amount of 53 food items consumed during the past 4 weeks. Frequency of consumption of food behaviours is requested according to specified categories. In addition, the respondents have to indicate the portion size of the food items consumed in predefined answering categories. Pictures are used to aid the estimation of portion size for 33 food items. In total, 29 food groups are presented by the food frequency questionnaire. Statistical analyses for primary and secondary outcomes as well as for baseline values are done in a descriptive and exploratory way. Primary outcomes are defined by various parameters, whereas each primary outcome has to be operationalized for the statistical analysis to investigate the influence of ADF, as the physiological changes are represented in various parameters. Insulin sensitivity is here stated as a representative example. Insulin sensitivity is calculated according to four different equations detailed information in the methods section that are influenced by BMI and age, amongst others. Insulin sensitivity is also related to physical activity. The physiological relations are very complex. To understand various effects and multiple relations statistical multivariate models are built to have comprehensible scenarios: GLMs generalized linear mixed models with age, BMI and physical activity as additional variables with interactions are used to see significant and main covariates. Further, for exploratory analysis continuous variables are summarized with standard descriptive statistics tables and represented graphically with displays such as box plots and histograms, and categorical variables are described by frequency tables and standard graphical displays such as bar plots. Scatterplots are used to illustrate possible correlations between the variables. Comparisons within groups are performed using a paired t test or Wilcoxon rank-sum test. If necessary, a statistical analysis plan is prepared in addition to the study protocol. Statistical software R [ 58 ] and SAS v. This is the first prospective cohort study with an embedded randomized intervention trial that will be conducted to investigate short- and mid- to long-term effects of ADF on human physiology and molecular cellular processes in healthy subjects. In our study, subjects are only allowed to consume water, flavoured carbonated water, tea or sugarless coffee on their fast days complete caloric restriction compared with previous trials partially reduction of daily calorie intake. Besides routine laboratory, hormonal and molecular measurements, we collect many clinical data and biological biobank material and perform a large set of investigations including calorimetry, endothelial function measurement and echocardiography, which will allow us look into the mechanisms of ADF and to generate hypothesis. The trial is conducted at the Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology at the Medical University of Graz academic hospital , Austria. The protocol is registered in ClinicalTrials. gov using the following identifier: NCT Important protocol modifications are reported to the local ethics committee of the Medical University of Graz. Participants are asked to sign informed consent before being enrolled into the trial, in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the WHO standards. Subjects are informed of the study objectives and the risks and benefits of the examinations they will undergo. All subjects are given enough time to decide whether they wish to participate in the trial. The trial includes collection of biological samples blood, urine, stool, sputum , of which subjects are informed carefully. We anticipate that the results of this study will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals and national and international academic conferences. Additionally, all trial participants will be invited to an informational event, in which study results will be presented by the study team. Clinical research studies of ADF with robust designs and high levels of clinical evidence are sparse. The primary aim of this trial is to elucidate whether and to what extent alternate day fasting influences human physiology in healthy individuals in both short- and mid- to long-term investigations. Besides routine laboratory, hormonal and molecular measurements, we collect many clinical data as well as biological biobank material and perform a large set of investigations including calorimetry, endothelial function measurement and echocardiography, which will allow us look into mechanisms of ADF and generate hypotheses that can be further tested in larger clinical trials. The first patient was included on 8 April The study is ongoing; close out is scheduled for April Participants are no longer being recruited. Faris MA, Kacimi S, Al-Kurd RA, Fararjeh MA, Bustanji YK, Mohammad MK, et al. Intermittent fasting during Ramadan attenuates proinflammatory cytokines and immune cells in healthy subjects. Nutr Res. Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar. Joslin PM, Bell RK, Swoap SJ. Obese mice on a high-fat alternate-day fasting regimen lose weight and improve glucose tolerance. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr Berl. Article CAS Google Scholar. Catenacci VA, Pan Z, Ostendorf D, Brannon S, Gozansky WS, Mattson MP, et al. A randomized pilot study comparing zero-calorie alternate-day fasting to daily caloric restriction in adults with obesity. Obesity Silver Spring. Varady KA, Bhutani S, Klempel MC, Kroeger CM, Trepanowski JF, Haus JM, et al. Alternate day fasting for weight loss in normal weight and overweight subjects: a randomized controlled trial. Nutr J. Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar. Varady KA, Hoddy KK, Kroeger CM, Trepanowski JF, Klempel MC, Barnosky A, et al. Determinants of weight loss success with alternate day fasting. Obes Res Clin Pract. Article PubMed Google Scholar. Pedersen CR, Hagemann I, Bock T, Buschard K. Intermittent feeding and fasting reduces diabetes incidence in BB rats. Anson RM, Guo Z, de Cabo R, Iyun T, Rios M, Hagepanos A, et al. Intermittent fasting dissociates beneficial effects of dietary restriction on glucose metabolism and neuronal resistance to injury from calorie intake. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. Wan R, Camandola S, Mattson MP. Intermittent fasting and dietary supplementation with 2-deoxy- d -glucose improve functional and metabolic cardiovascular risk factors in rats. FASEB J. Mager DE, Wan R, Brown M, Cheng A, Wareski P, Abernethy DR, et al. Caloric restriction and intermittent fasting alter spectral measures of heart rate and blood pressure variability in rats. Krizova E, Simek V. Influence of intermittent fasting and high-fat diet on morphological changes of the digestive system and on changes of lipid metabolism in the laboratory mouse. Physiol Res Acad Sci Bohemosl. CAS Google Scholar. Hatori M, Vollmers C, Zarrinpar A, DiTacchio L, Bushong EA, Gill S, et al. Time-restricted feeding without reducing caloric intake prevents metabolic diseases in mice fed a high-fat diet. Cell Metab. Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar. Duan W, Lee J, Guo Z, Mattson MP. Dietary restriction stimulates BDNF production in the brain and thereby protects neurons against excitotoxic injury. J Mol Neurosci MN. Duan W, Mattson MP. J Neurosci Res. Yu ZF, Mattson MP. Dietary restriction and 2-deoxyglucose administration reduce focal ischemic brain damage and improve behavioral outcome: evidence for a preconditioning mechanism. Carlson AJ, Hoelzel F. Apparent prolongation of the life span of rats by intermittent fasting. J Nutr. Goodrick CL, Ingram DK, Reynolds MA, Freeman JR, Cider N. Effects of intermittent feeding upon body weight and lifespan in inbred mice: interaction of genotype and age. Mech Ageing Dev. Johnson JB, Laub DR, John S. The effect on health of alternate day calorie restriction: eating less and more than needed on alternate days prolongs life. Med Hypotheses. Varady KA, Dam VT, Klempel MC, Horne M, Cruz R, Kroeger CM, et al. Effects of weight loss via high fat vs. low fat alternate day fasting diets on free fatty acid profiles. Sci Rep. Teng NI, Shahar S, Manaf ZA, Das SK, Taha CS, Ngah WZ. Efficacy of fasting calorie restriction on quality of life among aging men. Physiol Behav. Klempel MC, Kroeger CM, Varady KA. Alternate day fasting ADF with a high-fat diet produces similar weight loss and cardio-protection as ADF with a low-fat diet. Metab Clin Exp. Bhutani S, Klempel MC, Kroeger CM, Trepanowski JF, Varady KA. Alternate day fasting and endurance exercise combine to reduce body weight and favorably alter plasma lipids in obese humans. Belza A, Toubro S, Stender S, Astrup A. Effect of diet-induced energy deficit and body fat reduction on high-sensitive CRP and other inflammatory markers in obese subjects. Int J Obes. Eshghinia S, Mohammadzadeh F. The effects of modified alternate-day fasting diet on weight loss and CAD risk factors in overweight and obese women. J Diabet Metab Disord. Kroeger CM, Klempel MC, Bhutani S, Trepanowski JF, Tangney CC, Varady KA. Nutr Metab. Heilbronn LK, Smith SR, Martin CK, Anton SD, Ravussin E. Alternate-day fasting in nonobese subjects: effects on body weight, body composition, and energy metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr. Harvie MN, Pegington M, Mattson MP, Frystyk J, Dillon B, Evans G, et al. The effects of intermittent or continuous energy restriction on weight loss and metabolic disease risk markers: a randomized trial in young overweight women. Harvie M, Wright C, Pegington M, McMullan D, Mitchell E, Martin B, et al. The effect of intermittent energy and carbohydrate restriction v. daily energy restriction on weight loss and metabolic disease risk markers in overweight women. Br J Nutr. Johnson JB, Summer W, Cutler RG, Martin B, Hyun DH, Dixit VD, et al. Alternate day calorie restriction improves clinical findings and reduces markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in overweight adults with moderate asthma. Free Radic Biol Med. Lang RM, Bierig M, Devereux RB, Flachskampf FA, Foster E, Pellikka PA, et al. Recommendations for chamber quantification. Eur J Echocardiogr. Varady KA, Bhutani S, Church EC, Klempel MC. Short-term modified alternate-day fasting: a novel dietary strategy for weight loss and cardioprotection in obese adults. Horne BD, Muhlestein JB, Lappe DL, May HT, Carlquist JF, Galenko O, et al. Randomized cross-over trial of short-term water-only fasting: metabolic and cardiovascular consequences. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. Alternate day fasting increases LDL particle size independently of dietary fat content in obese humans. Eur J Clin Nutr. Varady KA, Bhutani S, Klempel MC, Lamarche B. Improvements in LDL particle size and distribution by short-term alternate day modified fasting in obese adults. Halberg N, Henriksen M, Soderhamn N, Stallknecht B, Ploug T, Schjerling P, et al. Effect of intermittent fasting and refeeding on insulin action in healthy men. J Appl Physiol Seimon RV, Roekenes JA, Zibellini J, Zhu B, Gibson AA, Hills AP, et al. Do intermittent diets provide physiological benefits over continuous diets for weight loss? A systematic review of clinical trials. Amsterdam: Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology; Google Scholar. Matsuda M, DeFronzo RA. Insulin sensitivity indices obtained from oral glucose tolerance testing: comparison with the euglycemic insulin clamp. Diabetes Care. Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Katz A, Nambi SS, Mather K, Baron AD, Follmann DA, Sullivan G, et al. Quantitative insulin sensitivity check index: a simple, accurate method for assessing insulin sensitivity in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Stumvoll M, Van Haeften T, Fritsche A, Gerich J. Oral glucose tolerance test indexes for insulin sensitivity and secretion based on various availabilities of sampling times. Bonetti PO, Pumper GM, Higano ST, Holmes DR Jr, Kuvin JT, Lerman A. Noninvasive identification of patients with early coronary atherosclerosis by assessment of digital reactive hyperemia. J Am Coll Cardiol. Korhonen P, Syvanen K, Aarnio P. Surrogates of large artery versus small artery stiffness and ankle-brachial index. Int J Angiol. Bonetti PO, Lerman LO, Lerman A. Endothelial dysfunction: a marker of atherosclerotic risk. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. Jatoba LC, Grossmann U, Kunze C, Ottenbacher J, Stork W. Context-aware mobile health monitoring: evaluation of different pattern recognition methods for classification of physical activity. In: Conference proceedings: annual international conference of the IEEE engineering in medicine and biology society IEEE engineering in medicine and biology society conference, ;—3. Ernst ME, Bergus GR. Noninvasive hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring: overview of technology and clinical applications. Weir JB. New methods for calculating metabolic rate with special reference to protein metabolism. J Physiol. Mathiowetz V, Weber K, Volland G, Kashman N. Reliability and validity of grip and pinch strength evaluations. J Hand Surg. White C, Dixon K, Samuel D, Stokes M. Handgrip and quadriceps muscle endurance testing in young adults. Meneguetti DU, da Silva AF, Bosso R, Zan R, Ramos L. New method for detection of mutagenicity in oral mucosa the through of micronucleus test. HOAJ Biol. Article Google Scholar. Holland N, Bolognesi C, Kirsch-Volders M, Bonassi S, Zeiger E, Knasmueller S, et al. The micronucleus assay in human buccal cells as a tool for biomonitoring DNA damage: the HUMN project perspective on current status and knowledge gaps. Mutat Res. Thomas P, Holland N, Bolognesi C, Kirsch-Volders M, Bonassi S, Zeiger E, et al. Buccal micronucleus cytome assay. Nat Protoc. Nagueh SF, Smiseth OA, Appleton CP, Byrd BF 3rd, Dokainish H, Edvardsen T, et al. Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography: an update from the american society of echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. Comparison of three methods for measuring the time spent in physical activity. Med Sci Sports Exerc. Craig CL, Marshall AL, Sjostrom M, Bauman AE, Booth ML, Ainsworth BE, et al. International physical activity questionnaire: country reliability and validity. Ruta DA, Hurst NP, Kind P, Hunter M, Stubbings A. Measuring health status in British patients with rheumatoid arthritis: reliability, validity and responsiveness of the short form item health survey SF Br J Rheumatol. Ruta D, Garratt A, Abdalla M, Buckingham K, Russell I. The SF 36 health survey questionnaire. A valid measure of health status. DEGS - Studie zur Gesundheit Erwachsener in Deutschland. Berlin: Robert Koch Institut; Haftenberger M, Heuer T, Heidemann C, Kube F, Krems C, Mensink GB. Relative validation of a food frequency questionnaire for national health and nutrition monitoring. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; Download references. The study is funded by the AustrianScience Fund FWF Austria for grants PB28, PB27 and PB28 Frank Madeo. No funding or sponsorship was received for the publication of this article. All named authors meet the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors ICMJE criteria for authorship for this article, take responsibility for the integrity of the work as a whole and have given their approval for this version to be published. Harald Sourij, Norbert J. Tripolt, Slaven Stekovic, Sabrina Schröder, Frank Madeo, Barbara Obermayer-Pietsch, Thomas R. Pieber designed the study protocol; Jasmin Url, Peter N. Pferschy and Felix Aberer have made substantial contribution to acquisition of data. Norbert J. Tripolt and Harald Sourij wrote the clinical protocol and obtained authorization from the Ethics Committee and wrote the manuscript. Albrecht Schmidt, Ewald Kolesnik, Nicolas Verheyen performed and evaluated the echocardiographic examinations. Sophie H. Narath and Regina Riedl are responsible for statistical analyses. Harald Sourij is the principal investigator of the trial. Thomas R. Pieber and Frank Madeo are the chief investigators of this trial. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Tripolt, Slaven Stekovic, Felix Aberer, Jasmin Url, Peter N. Pferschy, Sabrina Schröder, Nicolas Verheyen, Albrecht Schmidt, Ewald Kolesnik, Sophie H. Narath, Regina Riedl, Barbara Obermayer-Pietsch, Thomas R. Pieber, Frank Madeo and Harald Sourij have nothing to disclose. The trial is conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, International Council for Harmonisation Good Clinical Practice GCP and the applicable country-specific regulatory requirements. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4. Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria. Tripolt, Felix Aberer, Jasmin Url, Peter N. Pferschy, Barbara Obermayer-Pietsch, Thomas R. Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria. Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine, CBMed, Graz, Austria. Jasmin Url, Peter N. Pferschy, Sophie H. Narath, Barbara Obermayer-Pietsch, Thomas R. Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria. Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Frank Madeo or Harald Sourij. |
| Does Intermittent Fasting Work? | UNC Health Talk | Shai and her colleagues recently suggested the Alternzte-day diet as an improved Fsting of the hubger MED diet in Coenzyme Q side effects DIRECT PLUS trial. We hungeg the evidence Respiratory health and against. Copyright © Cui, Lee, Sun, Zhang, Hill, Li and Zhang. Understanding the complex interplay of these hunger hormones can provide valuable insights into how our bodies regulate food intake and energy balance. Alternate-day fasting alleviates diabetes-induced glycolipid metabolism disorders: roles of Fgf21 and bile acids. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. |
| Does Intermittent Fasting Work? | All items in Digital Scholarship UNLV are Diabetic retinopathy diabetes management by homrone copyright, contro all rights Respiratory health, unless otherwise indicated. Alternste-day Teachers Make Altermate-day Judgments When Using AI in the Classroom. A Long-Lasting Neural Probe. Alternate-day fasting and hunger hormone control also reduced plasma resistin and leptin, which were not correlated with changes in flow-mediated vasodilation The Research So Far Physiologically, calorie restriction has been shown in animals to increase lifespan and improve tolerance to various metabolic stresses in the body. The study of the relationship between circadian rhythms and food timing is called chrono-nutrition. Monday: Eat Tuesday: Fast Wednesday: Eat Thursday: Fast Friday: Eat Saturday: Fast Sunday: Eat. |
| How Does Intermittent Fasting Impact Hunger Hormones? | The theory is that intermittent fasting will help decrease appetite by slowing the body's metabolism. Frank Hu, chair of the department of nutrition at the Harvard T. Chan School of Public Health. With this system, you eat normally for five days of the week, but restrict food intake to just to calories on the two fasting days. Another variation of intermittent fasting calls for alternating "fast" days, in which you consume a quarter or less of your basic calorie requirement, with "feast" days, during which you eat whatever you choose. So far, the research studies evaluating intermittent fasting have been relatively short and have enrolled only a limited number of participants. In one, published July 1, , in JAMA Internal Medicine , overweight people were assigned to one of three eating plans: restricting daily calorie intake by the same amount every day similar to a traditional diet plan , fasting on alternate days, and continuing with normal eating habits. At the end of the month study, both diet groups had lost weight compared with the normal eaters. However, the fasters didn't fare any better than the conventional calorie cutters. This may reflect a real-life pitfall of fasting as a weight-loss approach. In addition, there's a strong biological push to overeat following fasting periods. Your appetite hormones and hunger center in your brain go into overdrive when you are deprived of food. But intermittent fasting may have a beneficial effect on diet psychology for some people, says Kathy McManus, director of the Department of Nutrition at Harvard-affiliated Brigham and Women's Hospital. Instead, he opted for a fasting approach, which has worked well for him so far. As of now, intermittent dieting has not been proved to meet this key criterion. Some commercial companies have started marketing packaged meal plans designed specifically for intermittent fasting. Part of the fascination with intermittent fasting arises from research with animals showing that fasting may reduce cancer risk and slow aging. While it's true that getting rid of excess body fat will improve a person's metabolic profile and lower cardiovascular risk, he says, there's no strong evidence that fasting adds health benefits beyond any other weight-loss strategy. If you are considering intermittent fasting, make sure to discuss it with your doctor. Skipping meals and severely limiting calories can be dangerous for people with certain conditions, such as diabetes. People who take medications for blood pressure or heart disease also may be more prone to electrolyte abnormalities from fasting. Also, says Dr. Hu, we live in a toxic, obesogenic food environment. So you'll need a strong social support network to endure very low-calorie days over the long haul. As a service to our readers, Harvard Health Publishing provides access to our library of archived content. Please note the date of last review or update on all articles. No content on this site, regardless of date, should ever be used as a substitute for direct medical advice from your doctor or other qualified clinician. Thanks for visiting. Don't miss your FREE gift. The Best Diets for Cognitive Fitness , is yours absolutely FREE when you sign up to receive Health Alerts from Harvard Medical School. Sign up to get tips for living a healthy lifestyle, with ways to fight inflammation and improve cognitive health , plus the latest advances in preventative medicine, diet and exercise , pain relief, blood pressure and cholesterol management, and more. Get helpful tips and guidance for everything from fighting inflammation to finding the best diets for weight loss from exercises to build a stronger core to advice on treating cataracts. PLUS, the latest news on medical advances and breakthroughs from Harvard Medical School experts. Sign up now and get a FREE copy of the Best Diets for Cognitive Fitness. However, research on intermittent fasting shows a greater adherence over longer periods compared to calorie restriction, and suggests that it may be a more sustainable approach. The Mediterranean diet is a renowned dietary pattern based on the traditional eating patterns of the Mediterranean basin. A major benefit of the Mediterranean diet compared to intermittent fasting is that similar results can be achieved without the need for fasting. Intermittent fasting describes a variety of eating patterns that alternate periods of fasting and eating with a consistent, recurring pattern over the course of a week. Time-restricted eating is the most popular form of intermittent fasting and uses the principles of chrono-nutrition to lengthen night-time fasting and potentially reduce chronic disease risk. However, most of the research on intermittent fasting is based on animal studies and human research is sparse and often of low quality. Alternative non-fasting diets that produce similar results to intermittent fasting include calorie restriction and the Mediterranean diet. In this Honest Nutrition feature, we look at how much protein a person needs to build muscle mass, what the best protein sources are, and what risks…. Not all plant-based diets are equally healthy. There are 'junk' plant-based foods that can increase health risks. How can a person follow a healthy…. Is having three larger meals per day healthier than having several, smaller, more frequent meals? We weigh the evidence pro and against. PFAS are widespread chemical compounds that can even be traced in human diet. But what is their impact on health, and how can a person avoid them? Is it true that breakfast is the most important meal of the day? What will happen if you choose to skip breakfast? Here is what the science says. Can we use food and diet as medicine? If so, to what extent? What are the pros and cons of this approach to healthcare? We investigate. Can selenium really protect against aging? If so, how? In this feature, we assess the existing evidence, and explain what selenium can and cannot do. There are claims that anti-inflammatory diets could help reduce the risk of some chronic conditions, but are these claims supported by scientific…. This Honest Nutrition feature offers an overview of ghrelin, the 'hunger hormone,' looking at its role in our health, and possible ways of controlling…. How harmful are microplastics in food, and what can we do to mitigate the health risks? In this Honest Nutrition feature, Medical News Today…. My podcast changed me Can 'biological race' explain disparities in health? Why Parkinson's research is zooming in on the gut Tools General Health Drugs A-Z Health Hubs Health Tools Find a Doctor BMI Calculators and Charts Blood Pressure Chart: Ranges and Guide Breast Cancer: Self-Examination Guide Sleep Calculator Quizzes RA Myths vs Facts Type 2 Diabetes: Managing Blood Sugar Ankylosing Spondylitis Pain: Fact or Fiction Connect About Medical News Today Who We Are Our Editorial Process Content Integrity Conscious Language Newsletters Sign Up Follow Us. Medical News Today. Health Conditions Health Products Discover Tools Connect. By Amber Charles Alexis, MSPH, RDN on May 27, — Fact checked by Alexandra Sanfins, Ph. This series of Special Features takes an in-depth look at the science behind some of the most debated nutrition-related topics, weighing in on the facts and debunking the myths. Share on Pinterest Design by Diego Sabogal. The circadian rhythm. Potential downsides. View All. How much protein do you need to build muscle? By Lindsey DeSoto, RDN, LD. Not all plant-based diets are the same: Junk veggie food and its impact on health By Amber Charles Alexis, MSPH, RDN. Is it better to eat several small meals or fewer larger ones? The bottom line. Share this article. Latest news Ovarian tissue freezing may help delay, and even prevent menopause. RSV vaccine errors in babies, pregnant people: Should you be worried? Scientists discover biological mechanism of hearing loss caused by loud noise — and find a way to prevent it. |
Alternate-day fasting and hunger hormone control -
This clinical trial study examined fasting ghrelin levels in participants over 18 months. During the clinical trial, participants with either abdominal obesity or dyslipidemia -- a condition with abnormally elevated cholesterol or fats in the blood -- were randomized to one of three diets: following healthy dietary guidelines, the Mediterranean diet or a green version of the Mediterranean diet that was protein plant-based and free of red meat.
All the participants, who were selected from an isolated workplace, provided with monitored lunches, instructed to exercise and given gym memberships. Individuals following the green Mediterranean diet, which included daily consumption of green tea and a green leafy vegetable called Mankai, had fasting ghrelin levels that were twice as high as those who followed a traditional Mediterranean diet, despite similar caloric restriction and weight loss.
Other authors of the study include: Anat Yaskolka Meir, Hila Zelicha, Ehud Rinott, Alon Kaplan, and Amos Katz of Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Aryeh Shalev of Soroka University Medical Center; Dov Brikner of the Nuclear Research Center Negev in Dimona, Israel; Matthias Blüher, Uta Ceglarek and Michael Stumvoll of the University of Leipzig in Leipzig, Germany; and Meir J.
Stampfer of the Harvard T. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, Mass.
The research was supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft DFG, German Research Foundation , the Israel Ministry of Health, Israel Ministry of Science and Technology and the California Walnuts Commission.
Materials provided by The Endocrine Society. Note: Content may be edited for style and length. Science News. Facebook Twitter Pinterest LinkedIN Email. FULL STORY. RELATED TERMS Insulin Zone diet Diabetes mellitus type 1 Anti-obesity drug South Beach diet Dieting Overweight Diabetes.
Story Source: Materials provided by The Endocrine Society. Journal Reference : Gal Tsaban, Anat Yaskolka Meir, Hila Zelicha, Ehud Rinott, Alon Kaplan, Aryeh Shalev, Amos Katz, Dov Brikner, Matthias Blüher, Uta Ceglarek, Michael Stumvoll, Meir J Stampfer, Iris Shai.
Diet-induced fasting ghrelin elevation reflects the recovery of insulin sensitivity and visceral adiposity regression. JCEM , DOI: Cite This Page : MLA APA Chicago The Endocrine Society. ScienceDaily, 13 October The Endocrine Society. Retrieved February 13, from www.
htm accessed February 13, Explore More. Brain Insulin Sensitivity Determines Body Weight and Fat Distribution. If the person's brain responds Limiting Mealtimes May Increase Your Motivation for Exercise. The study suggests that a surge in levels of July 9, Neuroscience researchers have identified a surprising new role for the 'hunger hormone' ghrelin.
Ghrelin has previously been recognized for its unique role in sending hunger signals from the gut to Promising Approach: Prevent Diabetes With Intermittent Fasting. gov Identifier: NCT Important protocol modifications will be reported to the local Ethics Committee of the Medical University of Graz.
This study follows the international recommendations for interventional trials. The study population consists of 90 healthy subjects. Thirty participants already have practiced alternate day fasting for at least 6 months. Participants in the RCT are healthy subjects without recent AFD experience and are matched at least by sex and age.
A separate informed consent was created for the interventional trial. Patients without previous ADF history who are assigned for the 4-week short-term fasting trial are identified via Primary Care and advertisements Facebook, newspaper, trial-specific website.
ADF subjects are recruited by advertisements and leaflets at Alternate Day Faster Events and online via different blogs. Subjects are recruited by the investigators and the study nurse in charge.
Detailed information about the study background and protocol are given, and any potential questions brought forward by the subjects are answered before signing the informed consent. Each eligible subject who is willing to participate in the study signs a written informed consent before any particular study procedure.
at , provided by the Institute of Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation of the Medical University Graz, Austria.
The randomization is stratified by gender. Regular therapy with acetylsalicylic acid or current medication to regulate blood sugar, blood pressure or lipids. Women who are pregnant, breast-feeding or aiming to become pregnant during the course of the trial. Once informed consent has been signed, physicians complete a paper-based case report form CRF for each participant to document socio-demographic information, anthropometric measurements, vital signs, information about medical history, concomitant medication, physical examination and dietary habits.
Source documents comprise the CRF and hospital records as well as laboratory records. All documents are stored safely in a confidential manner. Personal identifiers are on the signed informed consent forms, subject identification log and subject clinical file, all of which will be stored securely by the clinical site.
Source data are prepared accordingly for internal monitoring and possible external audits or inspections by regulatory authorities Figs. ADF group: Subjects are asked to refrain from eating on the fast days and to eat ad libitum on the days between the fast days. On fasting days, subjects are only allowed to consume water, flavoured carbonated water, unsweetened tea or coffee.
Various insulin sensitivity indices derived from a frequently sampled, extended OGTT are calculated accounting for the various weighting of hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity expressed by the different indices.
Insulin, C-peptide and glucose are measured before and 15, 30, 60 and min after a rapid ingestion of 75 g glucose, dissolved in ml of faucet water ® Glucoral 75 citron, Germania Pharmazeutika, Vienna.
A standard gauge cannula is placed into a subcutaneous vein for blood sampling. To prevent blood clotting in the cannula and to keep it working, it is flushed with sterile normal saline after each blood drawing. The blood at each time point is placed into a fluoride oxalate tube 1 ml for plasma glucose and into a serum tube for analyses of insulin and c-peptide levels.
The last equation was proposed by Stumvoll et al. Endo-PAT Itamar Medical Ltd. In brief, before measurements, the subjects are in supine position for a minimum of 10 min in a quiet, temperature-controlled room with dimmed lights. Probes are placed on both index fingers and pulse wave amplitudes are detected and recorded during the investigation.
After a 5-min baseline measurement, arterial flow is occluded using a cuff on the non-dominant arm. The cuff is inflated to 60 mmHg above systolic pressure. After 5 min of occlusion, the cuff is rapidly deflated to allow reactive hyperaemia. Pulse wave amplitudes are recorded again for at least 5 min [ 41 ].
The ratio of the peripheral arterial tone PAT signal after cuff release compared with baseline is calculated through a computer algorithm automatically normalizing for baseline signal and indexed to the contralateral arm.
The calculated ratio represents the reactive hyperaemia index RHI [ 42 ]. Bone density scanning, also called dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry DXA or bone densitometry, is an enhanced form of X-ray technology used to measure bone mass.
Whole body DXA measurement is performed with a GE Lunar iDEXA GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI, USA for the purpose of estimating body fat percentage according to the departmental standard operating procedure.
Body regions are defined using standard anatomical partitions. Scan areas are analysed to determine lean mass, fat mass, bone mineral density and total body composition. Insulin and c-peptide are measured by chemiluminescence on an ADVIA Centaur system Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Eschborn, Germany.
Hormones such as anti-muellerian hormone AMH , testosterone, cortisol, thyreotropin, triiodothyronine and thyroxine, oestrogen, sexual hormone-binding globulin SHBG , luteotropic hormone LH , follicle-stimulating hormone FSH and 25 OH vitamin D are measured using automated analysers: AMH by Beckmann-Coulter, Krefeld, Germany; testosterone, cortisol, thyreotropin, triiodothyronine and thyroxine by Siemens ADVIA Centaur, Eschborn, Germany; SHBG by Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany; oestrogen, LH and FSH by Triturus, Biomedical Diagnostics, Antwerp, Belgium, 25 OH vitamin D by iSYS, IDS, Boldon, UK, respectively.
Free fatty acids are measured enzymatically Wako Chemical, Neuss, Germany on an Olympus AU Olympus Diagnostica, Hamburg, Germany. Routine parameters are determined using a cobas ® analyser Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany. Molecular parameters of ageing are determined by a variety of already established and previously described methods.
Total levels as well as levels of phosphorylated proteins within different cell signalling pathways are measured using the Western blot system.
Inflammatory markers, insulin signalling and precise characteristics of molecular pathways are analysed using certified and commercially available V-PLEX Assays Meso Scale Discovery, Rockville, MD, USA. Epigenetic changes methylation and acetylation are analysed via traditional Western blotting using antibodies targeting post-translationally modified histones.
All methods based on antigen—antibody interaction are followed using commercially available antibodies to assure better reproduction and optimal processes and procedures. Different parameters of cell death apoptosis, stress resistance, mitochondrial damage and age-related parameters are analysed using BD Bioscience LSRFortessa and FACSAria IIu flow cytometry systems.
The MoviSens device consists of a 5. The sensor is a three-axial acceleration sensor with a range of ± 8 g, bit resolution and Hz sampling rate. The recorded data from the sensor, including raw data from the acceleration sensor, can be displayed on a computer via USB cable.
Energy expenditure is displayed in 1-s steps. Short time intervals allow monitoring spontaneous activities. The recognition of different activities is based on the extraction of mathematical and statistical features of the raw acceleration signal.
The features are calculated for each 4-s segment. Calculated features are the maximum frequency, step count and number of mean crossings. These features are the input information of quantifying the activity of the subject.
Activities that can be detected are rest combination of lying, sitting and standing , bicycle or ergometer, going upstairs, walking sensor-based differentiation of jogging, going downstairs, walking slowly, normally and fast and undefined activity. The accuracy of the activity recognition algorithm is discussed by Jatobá et al.
This device measures the physical activity of study participants over the 7-day period. Before measurement, arm circumference is measured to allow correct choice of cuff size. Subjects wear the blood pressure device for a single h period.
During this time, the device is programmed to inflate and record blood pressure at pre-specified intervals usually every 15 min during daytime hours and every 30 min during nighttime hours , which provides 50—75 approximately evaluable blood pressure recordings during the h period.
Study participants are asked to keep an activity log throughout the h period so activities can be connect onto the blood pressure recordings.
The process for educating subjects about the blood pressure device and setting up the test takes approximately 10 min.
Patients should undergo testing on a regular workday [ 44 ]. The devices used are standardized brachial, oscillometric, automated Mobil-O-Graph ® h PWA Stolberg, Germany devices, which are used in the course of many studies.
REE is a component of energy expenditure measured by indirect calorimetry IC. Subjects have to rest at least 30 min after not less than 8 h of sleep and after at least 3 h of fasting. During measurements, subjects must be kept fully awake and completely relaxed at normal breath.
The measurements have to be carried out for at least 30 min and are performed at standard neutral hospital room temperature. A breath mask covers the subject's face. Oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production will be measured and energy expenditure calculated by the Weir formula [ 45 ].
One of the most common methods of measuring muscle strength is the isometric grip strength test. We will measure isometric grip strength using a handgrip dynamometer JAMAR ® , Nottinghamshire, UK. The test is performed in the sitting position with the upper arm of tested extremity adducted, the elbow flexed at 90°; the forearm and wrist are set in neutral position [ 46 ].
The testing protocol consists of three maximal isometric contractions for 5 s on both hands with a rest period of at least 60 s. The mean value of the three contractions is used for determination of grip strength.
The subjects are instructed to squeeze the dynamometer as hard as possible [ 47 ]. A lead ECG is performed by the study nurse, who is familiar with the used ECG device Mac , Marquette Hellige GmbH, Freiburg, Germany.
The ECG printout is interpreted, signed and dated by a co-investigator. Saliva is collected with Salitubes DRG Instruments Marburg, Germany using a routine method for saliva collection and dedicated tubes as well as standardized instructions for the collection.
The hormones and salivary microbiome are analysed adapted ELISAs by BSM, Vienna, Austria. The study participants perform a mouth wash with distilled water three replicates to remove traces of saliva, contamination and surface mucous.
Then exfoliation of the two cheeks to maximize the cell sample and remove any unknown trace that could be caused by sampling only one cheek is performed. The exfoliation should use a disposable brush similar to that used for a Papanicolaou smear, performing ten rotations of the brush against the inner wall of the cheeks starting in the centre and gradually increasing the circumference, producing a spiral effect to increase the sampling of a larger area and prevent erosion of a single region.
After exfoliation, the brushhead must be placed in a container test tube with 0. The micronucleus MN assay in exfoliated buccal cells is a useful and minimally invasive method for monitoring genetic damage in humans [ 49 ].
The buccal micronucleus cytome BMCyt assay is a minimally invasive method for studying DNA damage, chromosomal instability, cell death and the regenerative potential of human buccal mucosal tissue.
This method is increasingly used in molecular epidemiological studies for investigating the impact of nutrition, lifestyle factors, genotoxin exposure and genotype on DNA damage, chromosome malsegregation and cell death. The biomarkers measured in this assay have been associated with increased risk of accelerated ageing, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases [ 50 ].
Blood sampling is performed during the morning a. after overnight fasting. Before blood sampling, subjects remain in the seated position for at least 10 min.
Over the study in those participating in the cohort study, approximately ml of blood in total is taken to determine the parameters outlined above; in those also participating in the RCT cohort study and RCT overall approximately ml of blood is drawn.
Therefore, subjects are asked to sign a separate informed consent for the Biobank. Faeces sampling is performed using stool collection tubes by Sarstedt, Nümbrecht, Germany, with a stool collector Süsse Stuhlfänger, Gudensberg, Germany.
One tube is used for native stool, the other prefilled with stool DNA-stabilizer for collection of DNA-stabilized stool specimens.
Directions for safe and hygienic faecal collection are delivered to the subjects, explaining in words as well as in pictograms. Bacterial DNA are extracted from saliva and stool samples using the MagNA Pure LC DNA Isolation Kit III Roche.
The 16S rRNA gene is amplified in a PCR reaction, sequenced with next-generation sequencing technology Roche Genome Sequencer FLX or Illumina MiSeq and interpreted by the respective software analysers.
Minimally invasive CGM is performed using the Abbott FreeStyle Navigator II glucose-monitoring device Abbott Diabetes care, Alameda, CA, USA and the Medtronic Ipro2 Minneapolis, USA. A sensor is introduced painlessly through the skin into the subcutaneous fat tissue.
Then, a small transmitter is connected to the sensor. This construction is fixed to the skin with an adhesive tape for better adherence. The abdomen and upper arm are the two main body locations for applying the sensors, which are worn for 6—8 days by the study participants.
Capillary blood sugar measurement performed with the commercially available Accu-Chek ® Performa glucometer Mannheim, Germany is conducted to collect reference values for the required sensor calibration for the Medtronic System at least all 12 h.
The Abbott sensor is factory calibrated and therefore does not require calibration by capillary prick blood. However subjects are instructed to scan the sensor with the corresponding recorder at least every 8 h. Each scan displays a real-time glucose result, a historical trend and the direction the glucose is heading indicated by an arrow.
Physical examination is done by the trial physician, who assesses the health status of each study participant e. Body weight is measured with the patient standing and then registered after rounding to the nearest g. Height is measured using a metric tape with the patient standing against the wall and the value marked by a ruler placed horizontally to the head of the patient.
BMI is estimated using the weight in kilograms divided by the second power of the height expressed in meters. Waist circumference is measured by the same study nurse in the morning in the fasting state. According to the World Health Organization WHO guidelines, waist circumference is measured at the midpoint between the top of the iliac crest upper edge of the main pelvic bone and lower margin of the last palpable rib in the mid axillary line lowest point of the rib cage that can be located by touch along the side of the body.
Hip circumference is measured in a similar manner, with the tape being passed around the hips at the widest circumference of the buttocks. The blood pressure should be measured in a sitting position, with legs uncrossed, the back and arms in an upright position. Subjects should not talk during the measurement.
Pulse as beats per minute is recorded after resting for 5 min in a sitting position by palpating the radial artery.
Transthoracic echocardiography is performed with a Vivid E9 GE Healthcare, Chalfont St Giles, UK at the Department of Cardiology Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
Examinations are performed by investigators with vast experience in echocardiography EK or NV who are blinded to individual participant data, except name and birth date.
Recorded images and loops are digitally saved for later analyses. All measurements are performed by a single investigator NV under blinded conditions, and AS serves as supervisor for data measurement.
For acquisition of images in the parasternal view the participant is placed in the steep left-lateral decubitus position. Images are acquired during quiet respiration.
The image rate is at least 30 frames per second. Target measurements include, among others, the left ventricular mass index, end-diastolic and end-systolic volume, left ventricular ejection fraction, parameters of left ventricular diastolic function and left atrial volume index.
All data are assessed as recommended in international guidelines [ 29 , 51 ]. IPAQ is used in the current study. This tool was developed in for measuring physical activity and was followed by extensive reliability and validity testing undertaken across 12 countries 14 sites during [ 52 , 53 ].
The final results suggested that this tool had acceptable measurement properties for use in many settings and in different languages and was suitable for national population-based prevalence studies of participation in physical activity. The short version of IPAQ tool is used in the current study.
The tool includes a set of four questionnaires. The questions focus on the time spent being physically active in the last 7 days. The short form 36 SF 36 health questionnaire presents the short version of a battery of health questions used in the RAND Corp. study of health insurance in the US [ 54 ].
The aspects of the questions regarding functional status, general wellbeing and overall evaluation of health can be completed in less than 10 min while retaining the validity and reliability of the longer questionnaire [ 55 ].
Because the study is performed in Austria, the German version of the questionnaire is used. A self-administered, semi-quantitative FFQ was developed to assess usual food consumption within the German Health Examination Survey for Adults — DEGS [ 56 ].
The relative validity of this questionnaire was studied among participants of another nationwide survey, the German National Nutrition Monitoring NEMONIT [ 57 ].
The FFQ includes questions about the frequency and amount of 53 food items consumed during the past 4 weeks. Frequency of consumption of food behaviours is requested according to specified categories.
In addition, the respondents have to indicate the portion size of the food items consumed in predefined answering categories.
Pictures are used to aid the estimation of portion size for 33 food items. In total, 29 food groups are presented by the food frequency questionnaire.
Statistical analyses for primary and secondary outcomes as well as for baseline values are done in a descriptive and exploratory way. Primary outcomes are defined by various parameters, whereas each primary outcome has to be operationalized for the statistical analysis to investigate the influence of ADF, as the physiological changes are represented in various parameters.
Insulin sensitivity is here stated as a representative example. Insulin sensitivity is calculated according to four different equations detailed information in the methods section that are influenced by BMI and age, amongst others.
Insulin sensitivity is also related to physical activity. The physiological relations are very complex. To understand various effects and multiple relations statistical multivariate models are built to have comprehensible scenarios: GLMs generalized linear mixed models with age, BMI and physical activity as additional variables with interactions are used to see significant and main covariates.
Further, for exploratory analysis continuous variables are summarized with standard descriptive statistics tables and represented graphically with displays such as box plots and histograms, and categorical variables are described by frequency tables and standard graphical displays such as bar plots.
Scatterplots are used to illustrate possible correlations between the variables. Comparisons within groups are performed using a paired t test or Wilcoxon rank-sum test.
If necessary, a statistical analysis plan is prepared in addition to the study protocol. Statistical software R [ 58 ] and SAS v.
This is the first prospective cohort study with an embedded randomized intervention trial that will be conducted to investigate short- and mid- to long-term effects of ADF on human physiology and molecular cellular processes in healthy subjects.
In our study, subjects are only allowed to consume water, flavoured carbonated water, tea or sugarless coffee on their fast days complete caloric restriction compared with previous trials partially reduction of daily calorie intake. Besides routine laboratory, hormonal and molecular measurements, we collect many clinical data and biological biobank material and perform a large set of investigations including calorimetry, endothelial function measurement and echocardiography, which will allow us look into the mechanisms of ADF and to generate hypothesis.
The trial is conducted at the Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology at the Medical University of Graz academic hospital , Austria.
The protocol is registered in ClinicalTrials. gov using the following identifier: NCT Important protocol modifications are reported to the local ethics committee of the Medical University of Graz.
Participants are asked to sign informed consent before being enrolled into the trial, in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the WHO standards.
Subjects are informed of the study objectives and the risks and benefits of the examinations they will undergo. All subjects are given enough time to decide whether they wish to participate in the trial. The trial includes collection of biological samples blood, urine, stool, sputum , of which subjects are informed carefully.
We anticipate that the results of this study will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals and national and international academic conferences.
Additionally, all trial participants will be invited to an informational event, in which study results will be presented by the study team. Clinical research studies of ADF with robust designs and high levels of clinical evidence are sparse. The primary aim of this trial is to elucidate whether and to what extent alternate day fasting influences human physiology in healthy individuals in both short- and mid- to long-term investigations.
Besides routine laboratory, hormonal and molecular measurements, we collect many clinical data as well as biological biobank material and perform a large set of investigations including calorimetry, endothelial function measurement and echocardiography, which will allow us look into mechanisms of ADF and generate hypotheses that can be further tested in larger clinical trials.
The first patient was included on 8 April The study is ongoing; close out is scheduled for April Participants are no longer being recruited. Faris MA, Kacimi S, Al-Kurd RA, Fararjeh MA, Bustanji YK, Mohammad MK, et al.
Intermittent fasting during Ramadan attenuates proinflammatory cytokines and immune cells in healthy subjects. Nutr Res. Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar. Joslin PM, Bell RK, Swoap SJ. Obese mice on a high-fat alternate-day fasting regimen lose weight and improve glucose tolerance.
J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr Berl. Article CAS Google Scholar. Catenacci VA, Pan Z, Ostendorf D, Brannon S, Gozansky WS, Mattson MP, et al.
A randomized pilot study comparing zero-calorie alternate-day fasting to daily caloric restriction in adults with obesity. Obesity Silver Spring. Varady KA, Bhutani S, Klempel MC, Kroeger CM, Trepanowski JF, Haus JM, et al. Alternate day fasting for weight loss in normal weight and overweight subjects: a randomized controlled trial.
Nutr J. Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar. Varady KA, Hoddy KK, Kroeger CM, Trepanowski JF, Klempel MC, Barnosky A, et al. Determinants of weight loss success with alternate day fasting.
Obes Res Clin Pract. Article PubMed Google Scholar. Pedersen CR, Hagemann I, Bock T, Buschard K. Intermittent feeding and fasting reduces diabetes incidence in BB rats. Anson RM, Guo Z, de Cabo R, Iyun T, Rios M, Hagepanos A, et al.
Intermittent fasting dissociates beneficial effects of dietary restriction on glucose metabolism and neuronal resistance to injury from calorie intake.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. Wan R, Camandola S, Mattson MP. Intermittent fasting and dietary supplementation with 2-deoxy- d -glucose improve functional and metabolic cardiovascular risk factors in rats.
FASEB J. Mager DE, Wan R, Brown M, Cheng A, Wareski P, Abernethy DR, et al. Caloric restriction and intermittent fasting alter spectral measures of heart rate and blood pressure variability in rats. Krizova E, Simek V.
Influence of intermittent fasting and high-fat diet on morphological changes of the digestive system and on changes of lipid metabolism in the laboratory mouse.
Physiol Res Acad Sci Bohemosl. CAS Google Scholar. Hatori M, Vollmers C, Zarrinpar A, DiTacchio L, Bushong EA, Gill S, et al. Time-restricted feeding without reducing caloric intake prevents metabolic diseases in mice fed a high-fat diet. Cell Metab. Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar.
Duan W, Lee J, Guo Z, Mattson MP. Dietary restriction stimulates BDNF production in the brain and thereby protects neurons against excitotoxic injury. J Mol Neurosci MN. Duan W, Mattson MP. J Neurosci Res. Yu ZF, Mattson MP. Dietary restriction and 2-deoxyglucose administration reduce focal ischemic brain damage and improve behavioral outcome: evidence for a preconditioning mechanism.
Carlson AJ, Hoelzel F. Apparent prolongation of the life span of rats by intermittent fasting. J Nutr. Goodrick CL, Ingram DK, Reynolds MA, Freeman JR, Cider N.
Effects of intermittent feeding upon body weight and lifespan in inbred mice: interaction of genotype and age. Mech Ageing Dev. Johnson JB, Laub DR, John S. The effect on health of alternate day calorie restriction: eating less and more than needed on alternate days prolongs life.
Med Hypotheses. Varady KA, Dam VT, Klempel MC, Horne M, Cruz R, Kroeger CM, et al. Effects of weight loss via high fat vs. low fat alternate day fasting diets on free fatty acid profiles. Sci Rep. Teng NI, Shahar S, Manaf ZA, Das SK, Taha CS, Ngah WZ. Efficacy of fasting calorie restriction on quality of life among aging men.
Physiol Behav. Klempel MC, Kroeger CM, Varady KA. Alternate day fasting ADF with a high-fat diet produces similar weight loss and cardio-protection as ADF with a low-fat diet. Metab Clin Exp. Bhutani S, Klempel MC, Kroeger CM, Trepanowski JF, Varady KA. Alternate day fasting and endurance exercise combine to reduce body weight and favorably alter plasma lipids in obese humans.
Belza A, Toubro S, Stender S, Astrup A. Effect of diet-induced energy deficit and body fat reduction on high-sensitive CRP and other inflammatory markers in obese subjects.
Int J Obes. Eshghinia S, Mohammadzadeh F. The effects of modified alternate-day fasting diet on weight loss and CAD risk factors in overweight and obese women. J Diabet Metab Disord. Kroeger CM, Klempel MC, Bhutani S, Trepanowski JF, Tangney CC, Varady KA. Nutr Metab. Heilbronn LK, Smith SR, Martin CK, Anton SD, Ravussin E.
Alternate-day fasting in nonobese subjects: effects on body weight, body composition, and energy metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr. Harvie MN, Pegington M, Mattson MP, Frystyk J, Dillon B, Evans G, et al.
The effects of intermittent or continuous energy restriction on weight loss and metabolic disease risk markers: a randomized trial in young overweight women. Harvie M, Wright C, Pegington M, McMullan D, Mitchell E, Martin B, et al.
The effect of intermittent energy and carbohydrate restriction v. daily energy restriction on weight loss and metabolic disease risk markers in overweight women. Br J Nutr. Johnson JB, Summer W, Cutler RG, Martin B, Hyun DH, Dixit VD, et al. Alternate day calorie restriction improves clinical findings and reduces markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in overweight adults with moderate asthma.
Free Radic Biol Med. Lang RM, Bierig M, Devereux RB, Flachskampf FA, Foster E, Pellikka PA, et al. Recommendations for chamber quantification. Eur J Echocardiogr. Varady KA, Bhutani S, Church EC, Klempel MC. Short-term modified alternate-day fasting: a novel dietary strategy for weight loss and cardioprotection in obese adults.
Horne BD, Muhlestein JB, Lappe DL, May HT, Carlquist JF, Galenko O, et al. Randomized cross-over trial of short-term water-only fasting: metabolic and cardiovascular consequences.
Intermittent fasting andd an increasingly popular fasging Respiratory health dieting strategy. Beyond weight fxsting however, the diet has promising benefits Respiratory health may reduce the risk of Respiratory health some chronic, Alternate-dday diseases. In congrol Honest Fasitng feature, Alternate-dy explain Plant-based nutrition that you need to know about intermittent fasting, and whether it is worth the hype. Intermittent fa s t i ng is a term used to describe a variety of eating patterns that have alternating periods of fasting — abstinence from foods — and eating. The fasting period may last from 12 hours per day to several consecutive days, with a consistent, recurring pattern over the course of a week. The main types of intermittent fasting are:. Of these, time-restricted eating is the most popular, and may be what most people refer to when they mention intermittent fasting.
Ich meine, dass Sie den Fehler zulassen. Schreiben Sie mir in PM, wir werden besprechen.
Wacker, es ist die einfach ausgezeichnete Phrase:)
Welche gute Wörter
Nach meiner Meinung. Sie haben sich geirrt.
Es ist das lustige Stück