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Bunn HF, Haney DN, Kamin S, et al. The biosynthesis of human hemoglobin A1c. Slow glycosylation of hemoglobin in vivo. J Clin Invest ; Bergenstal RM, Gal RL, Connor CG, et al. Racial Differences in the Relationship of Glucose Concentrations and Hemoglobin A1c Levels. Ann Intern Med ; Pinto ME, Villena JE.

Diabetic ketoacidosis during gestational diabetes. A case report. Diabetes Res Clin Pract ; e Graham UM, Cooke IE, McCance DR. A case of euglyacemic diabetic ketoacidosis in a patient with gestational diabetes mellitus. Obstet Med ; Robinson HL, Barrett HL, Foxcroft K, et al.

Prevalence of maternal urinary ketones in pregnancy in overweight and obese women. Stehbens JA, Baker GL, Kitchell M. Outcome at ages 1, 3, and 5 years of children born to diabetic women.

Churchill JA, Berendes HW, Nemore J. Neuropsychological deficits in children of diabetic mothers. A report from the Collaborative Sdy of Cerebral Palsy.

Rizzo T, Metzger BE, Burns WJ, Burns K. Correlations between antepartum maternal metabolism and intelligence of offspring. Naeye RL, Chez RA. Effects of maternal acetonuria and low pregnancy weight gain on children's psychomotor development.

Knopp RH, Magee MS, Raisys V, Benedetti T. Metabolic effects of hypocaloric diets in management of gestational diabetes. Langer O, Levy J, Brustman L, et al. Glycemic control in gestational diabetes mellitus--how tight is tight enough: small for gestational age versus large for gestational age?

Kjos SL, Schaefer-Graf U, Sardesi S, et al. A randomized controlled trial using glycemic plus fetal ultrasound parameters versus glycemic parameters to determine insulin therapy in gestational diabetes with fasting hyperglycemia.

Nicholson WK, Wilson LM, Witkop CT, et al. Therapeutic management, delivery, and postpartum risk assessment and screening in gestational diabetes. Evid Rep Technol Assess Full Rep ; Harrison RK, Cruz M, Wong A, et al.

The timing of initiation of pharmacotherapy for women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Balsells M, García-Patterson A, Gich I, Corcoy R. Ultrasound-guided compared to conventional treatment in gestational diabetes leads to improved birthweight but more insulin treatment: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand ; Dunne F, Newman C, Alvarez-Iglesias A, et al. Early Metformin in Gestational Diabetes: A Randomized Clinical Trial. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Diabetes in pregnancy: management of diabetes and its complications from preconception to the postnatal period.

February 25, ; NICE Guideline 3: version 2. Hod M, Kapur A, Sacks DA, et al. The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics FIGO Initiative on gestational diabetes mellitus: A pragmatic guide for diagnosis, management, and care.

Int J Gynaecol Obstet ; Suppl 3:S Harper LM, Glover AV, Biggio JR, Tita A. Predicting failure of glyburide therapy in gestational diabetes. Nicholson W, Bolen S, Witkop CT, et al. Benefits and risks of oral diabetes agents compared with insulin in women with gestational diabetes: a systematic review.

Dhulkotia JS, Ola B, Fraser R, Farrell T. Oral hypoglycemic agents vs insulin in management of gestational diabetes: a systematic review and metaanalysis.

Balsells M, García-Patterson A, Solà I, et al. Glibenclamide, metformin, and insulin for the treatment of gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BMJ ; h Brown J, Grzeskowiak L, Williamson K, et al. Insulin for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes.

Tarry-Adkins JL, Aiken CE, Ozanne SE. Comparative impact of pharmacological treatments for gestational diabetes on neonatal anthropometry independent of maternal glycaemic control: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

PLoS Med ; e Butalia S, Gutierrez L, Lodha A, et al. Short- and long-term outcomes of metformin compared with insulin alone in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabet Med ; Brown J, Martis R, Hughes B, et al. Oral anti-diabetic pharmacological therapies for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes.

Neonatal, infant, and childhood growth following metformin versus insulin treatment for gestational diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sénat MV, Affres H, Letourneau A, et al.

Effect of Glyburide vs Subcutaneous Insulin on Perinatal Complications Among Women With Gestational Diabetes: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Ji J, He Z, Yang Z, et al. Comparing the efficacy and safety of insulin detemir versus neutral protamine hagedorn insulin in treatment of diabetes during pregnancy: a randomized, controlled study.

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Main Content Related to Conditions Diabetes Pregnancy and Childbirth Women's Health. Alberta Content Related to Gestational Diabetes Supporting Healthy Pregnancies - AHS. Important Phone Numbers. Topic Contents Condition Basics Health Tools Cause What Increases Your Risk Prevention Symptoms What Happens When to Call a Doctor Exams and Tests Treatment Overview Self-Care Medicines Related Information References Credits.

Top of the page. Condition Basics This information has been translated into other languages — see the links at the bottom of this page. Other languages Gestational Diabetes. Health Tools Health Tools help you make wise health decisions or take action to improve your health.

Actionsets are designed to help people take an active role in managing a health condition. Gestational Diabetes: Checking Your Blood Sugar Gestational Diabetes: Giving Yourself Insulin Shots.

Cause Insulin is a hormone made by the pancreas. Watch Gestational Diabetes: What Causes It? What Increases Your Risk You are more likely to have gestational diabetes if you: footnote 1 Are very overweight body mass index [BMI] of 30 or higher.

Are older when you become pregnant. Have had gestational diabetes before. Have a family history of diabetes. Have a history of prediabetes.

Learn more Obesity and Pregnancy. Prevention Sometimes gestational diabetes can't be prevented. Learn more Exercise During Pregnancy. Symptoms Gestational diabetes may not cause symptoms, so you need to be tested for it. Common symptoms of high blood sugar include: Feeling very thirsty.

Urinating more often than usual. Feeling very hungry. Having blurred vision. What Happens Even if you have gestational diabetes, you can give birth to a healthy baby. For example: You may have high blood pressure caused by preeclampsia. Your baby may grow too large.

Babies who get too much sugar can grow larger than normal. A large baby can be too big for a vaginal birth and may need to be delivered by caesarean section.

Your baby's blood sugar level may drop too low after birth. The baby may need to be given extra sugar. Your baby may develop other treatable problems after birth. These may include low blood calcium levels, high bilirubin levels, or too many red blood cells.

You're more likely to get gestational diabetes in a future pregnancy. You have a greater risk of type 2 diabetes later in life. Watch Gestational Diabetes: Avoiding Type 2 Diabetes Gestational Diabetes: Reducing Risk Gestational Diabetes: What Is It?

When to Call a Doctor Call or other emergency services right away if: You passed out lost consciousness , or if you suddenly become very sleepy or confused. You may have very low blood sugar, called hypoglycemia. Pregnancy-Related Problems. Exams and Tests Testing for gestational diabetes The oral glucose tolerance test is used to diagnose the condition.

A blood sample is taken after you drink a liquid that contains sugar glucose. If you don't have a lot of sugar in your blood, you don't have gestational diabetes.

If you have a lot of sugar in your blood, you will do the oral glucose tolerance test OGTT. Tests during pregnancy if you have gestational diabetes Your doctor will check your blood pressure at every visit. These include: Fetal ultrasound. It may be used to estimate the age, weight, and health of your baby.

It also can measure your baby, including the size of the head and abdomen. These measurements, plus other information, can help your doctor decide on your care. Non-stress test. It records your baby's heart rate while your baby is moving and not moving. It can show how well your baby is doing.

Tests during labour and delivery You and your baby will be watched closely during labour and delivery. Tests after delivery You and your baby will be watched closely after delivery. Your blood sugar level will be checked for the first few hours. Blood sugar levels often return to normal quickly.

Your baby's blood sugar level will also be checked. If your blood sugar levels were high during pregnancy, your baby's body will make extra insulin for several hours after birth.

This extra insulin may cause your baby's blood sugar to drop too low. Your baby may need extra sugar. This may be given as a drink or through a needle in a vein I. Long-term checkups You may have a follow-up glucose tolerance test 6 weeks to 6 months after your baby is born.

footnote 1 If your blood sugar level is normal, experts recommend that you get tested for type 2 diabetes at least every 3 years. footnote 1 If your blood sugar is slightly high, you may have prediabetes.

Most people keep their supplies in a bag or kit so they can carry the supplies with them wherever they go. You will need an insulin syringe , your bottle of insulin, and an alcohol wipe or a cotton ball dipped in alcohol.

If you are using an insulin pen, you will need a needle that works with your pen. If the pen is reusable, you may need an insulin cartridge. You may also need an alcohol swab.

Check the insulin bottle or cartridge. When you use an insulin bottle for the first time, write the date on the bottle. Insulin stored at room temperature will last for about a month. Read and follow all instructions on the label, including how to store the insulin and how long the insulin will last.

Check that a disposable pen's insulin has not expired. This date is usually printed on the pen's label. Prepare the shot Your preparation will depend on whether you are giving one type of insulin or mixing two types of insulin.

To prepare a shot with a single type of insulin, follow the steps for preparing a single dose of insulin. To prepare a shot containing two types of insulin, follow the steps for preparing a mixed dose of insulin.

Prepare the site Before giving your shot, take the time you need to do the following: Choose the part of your body to inject. If you give your shots in different places on your body each day, use the same site at the same time of day.

For example, each day: At breakfast, give your insulin into one of your arms. At dinner, give your insulin into one of your legs. If you use alcohol to clean the skin before you give the shot, let it dry. Relax your muscles in the area of the shot. Give the shot Follow the steps for giving an insulin shot in the arm.

Follow the steps for giving an insulin injection into the belly with a insulin pen. Or use the instructions from the company that makes the pens. Credits Current as of: March 1, Current as of: March 1, Insulin syringes Steps for preparing a single dose of insulin How to prepare a mixed dose of insulin Insulin injection areas for gestational diabetes How to give an insulin injection into the arm How to use an insulin pen when you're pregnant.

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Fat oxidation training you have gestational diabetes and Gestationxl have not been Gesttional to keep your blood sugar levels within a Gestational diabetes insulin rangeyou may need insulin Gestational diabetes insulin. Your Tailored sports nutrition plans or certified diabetes diabdtes CDE Gestational diabetes insulin help you dibaetes to prepare and give yourself insulin shots. Here are some simple steps to help you learn how to do it. Your preparation will depend on whether you are giving one type of insulin or mixing two types of insulin. If you are using an insulin pen, follow the manufacturer's instructions for attaching the needle, priming the pen, and setting the dose. Author: Healthwise Staff Medical Review: Kathleen Romito MD - Family Medicine Thomas M. Unsulin gestational Gestagional Gestational diabetes insulin Mindful cooking make sure you have Gestational diabetes insulin healthy pregnancy and a healthy baby. Insulin is a hormone made by diabtees pancreas that acts like a key to let Gesttional sugar Geetational the insuln in your body for use as energy. During pregnancy, your body makes more hormones and goes through other changes, such as weight gain. All pregnant women have some insulin resistance during late pregnancy. However, some women have insulin resistance even before they get pregnant. They start pregnancy with an increased need for insulin and are more likely to have gestational diabetes. Having gestational diabetes can increase your risk of high blood pressure during pregnancy.

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Cleaning Your Young Son's Natural Uncircumcised Penis Cleft Lip Cleft Palate Club Foot Common Types of Birthmarks Creating a Healthy Emotional Attachment Diaper Rash Infant Massage Oral Care For Your Baby Positional Plagiocephaly Quick Tips: Getting Baby to Sleep Screening for Hearing Problems Separation Protests: Helping Your Child Teething and Biting Thumb-Sucking Versus Pacifier Use Tongue-Tie Using Soothers and Stopping When it is Time.

Alternative Feeding Methods for Newborns Baby Feeding Cues - Video Bottle-Feeding: When Baby Doesn't Want to Stop Burping a Baby Choosing Baby Bottles and Nipples Cleft Palate: Feeding Your Baby Combining Breastfeeding and Formula-Feeding Cup-Feeding Baby With Breast Milk or Formula Feeding Schedule for Babies Feeding Your Child Using Division of Responsibility Feeding Your Infant Feeding Your Premature Infant Food Allergies, Your Baby's First Year Getting Started and Feeding Cues How Often and How Long to Feed Introducing Solid Foods to Your Baby Learn More Before You Supplement Formula Safe Drinking Water - Your Baby's First Year Safe Water for Mixing Infant Formula Signs of a Good Feed Spitting Up Vitamin D Supplements for Babies - First Year Weaning.

Abdominal Gas and Colic Blocked Tear Ducts: Should My Baby Have a Probing Procedure? Bowel Movements in Babies Cataracts in Children Chronic Lung Disease in Infants Colic Diary Colic Colic: Harmful Treatments Comforting a Child Who Has a Respiratory Illness Common Health Concerns for Babies First Year Cough Symptoms in Children Cradle Cap Croup Croup: Managing a Croup Attack Crying Child That Is Not Acting Normally Dehydration: Drinking Enough Fluids Dental Care From 6 Months to 3 Years Dental Care From Birth to 6 Months Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip Developmental Problems: Testing Failure to Thrive Gastroesophageal Reflux in Babies and Children Health and Safety, Birth to 2 Years Healthy Hearing and Vision For Babies Immunization, Your Baby's First Year Orchiopexy for Undescended Testicle Reducing Biting in Children Ages 8 to 14 Months Reducing Biting in Teething Babies Teething Products Teething: Common Concerns Treating Asthma in Babies and Younger Children Understanding Flat Spots on Babies' Heads.

Babies Physical Development Months Babies Physical Development Months Babies Physical Development Months Babies Social and Emotional Development Months Babies Social and Emotional Development Months Babies Social and Emotional Development Months Babies and Language Development Months Babies and Language Development Months Children's Growth Chart Cognitive Development Months Cognitive Development mos Cognitive Development First Mos Emotional and Social Growth in Newborns Growth and Development Milestones Growth and Development, Newborn Importance of Tummy Time for Babies' Development Speech and Language Milestones, Birth to 1 Year Stimulate Your Baby's Learning Tooth Development in Children.

Babies' Sleep Position and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Baby Proofing Your Home First Year Choking Rescue for Babies Choosing and Using Baby Carriers Safely Safer Sleep for My Baby Crib Safety Risks and Concerns Around Bed Sharing Safe Chairs for Baby's First Year Safe Use of Strollers for Babies Safely Using Walkers, Playpens and Jumpers Safer Sleeping Safety at Home for Baby's First Year Shaken Baby Syndrome Sudden Infant Death Syndrome SIDS Sun Safety Babies for their First Year.

Mealtime and Your Toddler Bottle-Feeding: Weaning a Toddler Breastfeeding Your Toddler Breastfeeding: Weaning a Toddler Feeding Jobs for Parents and Toddlers. Acetaminophen Use in Young Children Breath-Holding Spells Breath-Holding Spells: Keeping a Record Brushing and Flossing a Child's Teeth Care for Toddlers' Colds and Coughs Crying, Age 3 and Younger Dealing with Dawdling and Whining in Toddlers Dealing with Toddlers' Challenging Behaviour - General Dental Care and Teething in Toddlers Egocentric and Magical Thinking Handwashing Advice for Parents of Toddlers Healthcare resources for sick toddlers Hearing Health for Toddlers Ibuprofen Use in Young Children Managing Your Toddler's Frustrating Behaviours Positive Parenting Preparing Your Toddler for Health Care Visits Preventing Breath-Holding Spells in Children Promoting Positive Behaviour in Your Toddler Protecting Your Toddlers Vision Toddler Tantrums.

Bathroom Safety For Toddlers Bed Safety Toddlers Age 3 Bicyles Tricylces and Helmets for Toddlers Childproofing your Home Falls Prevention for Toddlers Fire and Burn Prevention for Toddlers Keeping Surfaces Clean Keeping Your Toddler Safe Around Pets Kitchen Safety for Toddlers Playground Safety for Toddlers Poison Prevention for Toddlers Safety Outdoors in the Cold for Toddlers Safety for Your Toddler in the Community Saftey for Toddlers in the Heat and Sun Staying Calm Through Challenging Behaviours Streetproofiing Tips for Your Toddler Toddler Safety Near Swimming Pools Toy Safety for Toddlers Water Safety for Toddlers Your Toddler: Safe Ways to Explore.

Night Waking. Caring for Your Preschooler Connecting with your preschooler and Building Self-Esteem Connecting with your preschooler and building coping skills Connecting with your preschooler and developing social skills Crying in preschool Daytime Accidental Wetting Dental Care: 3 Years to 6 Years Dental care for preschoolers Health and Safety, Ages 2 to 5 Years Learning to Share Preschool Praise and Encouragement Preschoolers: Building Self-Control Preschoolers: Building Social Skills Preschoolers: Building a Sense of Security Preschoolers: Encouraging Independence Preschoolers: Helping Your Child Explore Preventing Tooth Decay in Young Children Talking and Listening - Preschool Temper Tantrums in Preschool Temper Tantrums Temper Tantrums: Keeping a Record Thumb-Sucking: Helping Your Child Stop Your Child and the Dentist.

Bedwetting: Should I Do Something About My Child's Bedwetting? Bedwetting: Should My Child See a Doctor? Calling Out and Getting Out of Bed Moisture Alarms for Bedwetting Motivational Therapy for Bedwetting Night Terrors and Nightmares Nightmares and Other Sleep Problems in Children. Emotional Development, Ages 2 to 5 Years Encouraging Language Development in Your Preschooler Encouraging Preschoolers creative and artistic development How Reading Helps Language Development How to Teach Your Child by Example Language Development Years Language Development Years Language Development Amazing Journey Preschool Language Development: years Milestones for 4-Year-Olds Milestones for 5-Year-Olds Preschooler Development Years Preschooler Play Preschooler development years Speech Problems: Normal Disfluency Speech and Language Delays: Common Misconceptions 49 Speech and Language Development Speech and Language Development: Red Flags Speech and Language Milestones, Ages 3 to 5 Years Stuttering Thumb-Sucking Why Play is Important in Preschool.

Caring for Your School-Age Child About Self Esteem and Children Active Listening for Children Bedwetting Building Kids Resilience Childhood Fears and Exposure to Violence Connecting With Your School-age Child Conversation Skills Children talking and Listening Conversations that Teach Children Resilience Dental Care for School-Age Children Don't Stop Having Conversations With Kids Establishing Limits With Your School-Age Child Explaining Alcohol to Kids Friends and Friendship Help Your School-Age Child Develop Social Skills Helping Your School-Age Child Learn About the Body How School-Age Children Communicate How to Communicate with your School Age Children Problem Solving Strategies Problem Solving for Children Quick Tips: Using Backpacks Safely Sample School Plan School Mornings Self-Esteem, Ages 6 to 10 Talking About Tough Topics Why Talking is Important.

Growing Pains Growth and Development, Ages 6 to 10 Years Learning Disabilities Milestones for Year-Olds Milestones for 6-Year-Olds Milestones for 7-Year-Olds Milestones for 8-Year-Olds Milestones for 9-Year-Olds School-Age Children Creative and Artistic Development - what to expect School-Age Children and Play.

Conversations to Teach Resilience Don't stop Having Conversations with Young Adults How to Restore Relationships with Young Adults A Guide for Young Adults and Alcohol Hosting Safe Young Adult Parties Safe Night Out for Young Adults Responsible Young Adult Driving.

Healthy Habits for Kids Sleep: Helping Your Children-and Yourself-Sleep Well. Preparing Your Child for the Hospital. Overview If you have gestational diabetes and you have not been able to keep your blood sugar levels within a target range , you may need insulin shots.

Taking insulin can help prevent high blood sugar. High blood sugar can lead to problems for you and your baby. Insulin is given as a shot into the fatty tissue just under the skin.

In pregnant women, insulin usually is given in the upper arm or thigh. Make sure that you: Have the right dose of insulin, especially if you are giving two types of insulin in the same syringe. Practice how to give your shot. Store the insulin properly so that each dose will work well.

How to prepare and give an insulin shot Your doctor or certified diabetes educator CDE will help you learn to prepare and give yourself insulin shots. Get ready To get ready to give an insulin shot, follow these steps: Wash your hands with soap and running water.

Dry them thoroughly. Gather your supplies. Most people keep their supplies in a bag or kit so they can carry the supplies with them wherever they go. You will need an insulin syringe , your bottle of insulin, and an alcohol wipe or a cotton ball dipped in alcohol.

If you are using an insulin pen, you will need a needle that works with your pen. If the pen is reusable, you may need an insulin cartridge. You may also need an alcohol swab. Check the insulin bottle or cartridge. When you use an insulin bottle for the first time, write the date on the bottle.

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Important Phone Numbers. Top of the page Actionset. Gestational Diabetes: Giving Yourself Insulin Shots. Overview If you have gestational diabetes and you have not been able to keep your blood sugar levels within a target range , you may need insulin shots. Taking insulin can help prevent high blood sugar.

High blood sugar can lead to problems for you and your baby. Insulin is given as a shot into the fatty tissue just under the skin.

In pregnant women, insulin usually is given in the upper arm or thigh. Make sure that you: Have the right dose of insulin, especially if you are giving two types of insulin in the same syringe. Practice how to give your shot.

Store the insulin properly so that each dose will work well. How to prepare and give an insulin shot Your doctor or certified diabetes educator CDE will help you learn to prepare and give yourself insulin shots.

Get ready To get ready to give an insulin shot, follow these steps: Wash your hands with soap and running water. Dry them thoroughly. Gather your supplies.

Most people keep their supplies in a bag or kit so they can carry the supplies with them wherever they go. You will need an insulin syringe , your bottle of insulin, and an alcohol wipe or a cotton ball dipped in alcohol.

If you are using an insulin pen, you will need a needle that works with your pen. If the pen is reusable, you may need an insulin cartridge.

You may also need an alcohol swab. Check the insulin bottle or cartridge. When you use an insulin bottle for the first time, write the date on the bottle. Insulin stored at room temperature will last for about a month.

This information Gestxtional been translated into other languages — see the links Gestational diabetes insulin Food allergy testing bottom of this page. Gestational diabetes is high insuli sugar that is first Gestational diabetes insulin during pregnancy. High blood sugar can cause problems for you and your baby. With treatment and lifestyle changes, you can manage your blood sugar and have a healthy baby. Blood sugar levels often go back to normal after you give birth. Insulin is a hormone that helps your body use and store sugar.