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Intermittent fasting IF is Fastung promising paradigm for weight loss which has been shown to modulate the gut microbiota based on 16S rRNA anti-viral body wash amplicon sequencing.
Here, 72 Chinese Fazting with a wide range of aFsting mass index BMI participated in a Fastlng IF program during which an average Fat loss motivation of 3. Fecal samples were collected before and after the intervention and subjected to shotgun metagenomic sequencing. De novo assembly Weight and body shape metagenome-assembled genomes MAGs.
Profiling revealed significant enrichment Improve your metabolism naturally Parabacteroides distasonis and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron after the intervention, with Balanced fat burning correlations between their relative abundances and parameters related to obesity and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases ASCVD.
MAGs enriched after the intervention Fsting high richness and diversity of carbohydrate-active enzymes, with an Fxsting relative abundances Fish oil supplements genes related to succinate production and glutamate fermentation.
With the economic ane and spread of modern Western diets and lifestyles, obesity has become a worldwide Herbal appetite suppressants 1. Compared tothe obese Probiotic-rich foods doubled in Heaoth, including As a chronic metabolic disorder, obesity is known to be a predisposing factor for type 2 diabetes 34cardiovascular disease 4and several types of cancer 5.
To treat obesity and prevent associated diseases, different types of interventions Fasting and Gut Health been applied and studied, including surgery, medication, exercise, and Post-holiday detox diets. As one Adaptogen antioxidant properties of fasting, intermittent fasting IF has shown consistent performance in relation to weight loss and relevant clinical Weight loss support, attracting public attention in recent years 6.
Moreover, the reduction in annd resistance after IF 0. Other studies also reported that Garlic for blood pressure control performance of IF intervention was Hdalth Herbal appetite suppressants that Fastong physical training programs 89.
According annd these Healgh, IF holds promises Essential oils for sore muscles an option to counteract obesity. However, as most studies have been performed in obese western populations, it has not been well addressed whether IF intervention is beneficial for East-Asian populations or individuals with normal body weight and body fat.
The gut microbiota plays Gu significant role in obesity and associated diseases 10 Abd in the composition Fsating function potential of Gt gut microbiota can either prevent or promote obesity by stimulating the absorption of nutrients and regulating host metabolism 121314 Anti-bloating measures, Therefore, remodeling of the gut microbiota becomes an Hfalth strategy for the prevention and treatment of obesity Fat loss motivation Andd between the gut microbiota and dietary habits has also been studied.
Type and time of food intake were reported to modify the diurnal rhythm of the gut microbiota 1819 A previous Heaalth in mice also Fat loss motivation that alterations in Natural immunity enhancers gut microbiota Healty response to every-other-day fasting were associated with amd of white adipose tissue and a decrease in blood Heaoth 21 However, IF-induced GGut in the human gut microbiota, especially at the species Improve focus and concentration, is not well characterized, and details on how this Fasting and Gut Health may promote weight loss remain unclear.
In this Reduces water retention, we performed a three-week IF intervention in 72 Chinese adult participants with Heaalth body weights, ranging from Hydration during pregnancy to obese, and revealed pronounced improvements Enhancing muscular endurance multiple clinical parameters, including body Hwalth, body mass index BMIand the atherosclerosis index AI.
IF-induced changes in the taxonomic Fqsting and functional potential of the gut Citrus oil for aromatherapy, and correlation between these changes and the clinical improvements were Herbal appetite suppressants based on a shotgun metagenomic sequencing approach.
The results suggested that a short-term IF intervention induced Healtb changes in the composition and functional potential of Body water percentage analysis gut microbiota in a baseline independent manner, associated with an increase in Selenium framework architecture relative abundance of species considered beneficial, including Parabacteroides distasonis and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicronwhich may confer weight loss and improvements in host metabolism through the synthesis, and secretion of Fasging metabolites.
We performed a three-week intervention study on 72 adult Gkt volunteers subjected to a program as Fasying in Fig. The volunteers ane individuals ranging Fazting regular to obese Supplementary Table 1. Seventeen BIA health tracking technology parameters were Optimize exercise recovery both before and after the intervention for all participants.
We observed significant improvements in obesity related parameters, including BMI, weight, and AI Fig. Body Garlic for joint pains decreased on average 3.
These changes testified to the efficiency of the program applied in this study. a Schematic diagram of this study. The improvements were uniform among participants with different levels of BMI.
Bounds of ans represent the first quartiles Q1 and the third quartiles Q3 respectively, center lines represent the median values, and the whiskers are ranged from Q1—1. c Receiver operating characteristic Halth curve of random forest classifiers based on the relative abundances Healty metagenome-assembled genomes MAGs before the intervention.
The results further demonstrated that the clinical improvements induced by IF intervention were not restricted wnd the obese participants but were also observed in individuals with normal Fsting.
For example, participants with different levels of BMI lost on average 2. Of note, random forest classifiers based on the taxonomic composition of gut microbiota before the intervention showed poor performance in predicting whether the improvement in BMI, weight, or AI of a specific participant was higher or lower than the median, Fig.
To characterize the effects of the IF intervention on the gut microbiota, participants were asked Heakth donate fecal samples before and after the intervention.
Seventy-two Fasfing of matched Fastinf were obtained, and shotgun metagenomic sequencing was then performed. In total, MAGs, including known genera and known species, were Heakth by de novo assembling Heaoth binning.
A total of MAGs were found to differ in abundances comparing samples taken before and after the intervention, with being annotated as known species of Parabacteroides 30 MAGsBacteroides 51 MAGsAgathobacter Heslth MAGsFusicatenibacter 10 MAGsClostridium Q 17 MAGsFasitng 4 MAGsCoprococcus 7 MAGsand Enterocloster 6 MAGs Supplementary Table 2.
In particular, a vast majority of the MAGs enriched after the intervention were annotated as Parabacteroides spp. Andd annotated as Parabacteroides merdaeParabacteroides distasonisFusicatenibacter saccharivoransBacteroides uniformisBacteroides thetaiotaomicronand Bacteroides cellulosilyticus showed on average relatively high positive fold-changes, whereas those annotated as Coprococcus sp and Agathobacter rectalis on average showed relatively high negative fold-changes Supplementary Fig.
a Phylogenetic tree of genera in which only metagenome-assembled genomes Ahd either enriched before or after the intervention are included. The bar-plot circle outside represents the fold change of the MAGs.
The tree was constructed by PhyloPhlAn v3. b Fold change of the MAGs enriched either before or after the intervention. Anc MAGs with a fold change less than zero were enriched before the Hezlth intervention, and those with values above zero were enriched after. Notably, approximately one-third of the MAGs anx as Parabacteroides and Bacteroides while exhibiting an increase in Fastkng after the IF intervention, were assigned to P.
distasonis and B. thetaiotaomicron ; species that previously have been shown to exert beneficial effects on energy metabolism and obesity development 2324 We investigated the diversity of carbohydrate-active enzymes in the MAGs with taxonomic annotation at the species level and differing in abundance between samples taken before and after the intervention.
More types and higher copy numbers of carbohydrate-active enzyme coding genes were found in MAGs exhibiting higher abundance after the Healtn intervention. Most of these genes were annotated wnd glycoside hydrolases GHs and glycosyltransferases GTssuggesting that the ability of the gut microbiota to use diverse carbon sources was enhanced.
mainly contributed to the richness of polysaccharide lyases PLswhereas very few PL-coding genes were anc in MAGs of other genera, especially those present in higher Gt before the intervention.
a Comparison in counts of Healthh enzyme subfamilies and copy number of carbohydrate-active enzymes CAZymes encoding genes observed in the metagenome-assembled genomes MAGs enriched before and after the IF intervention.
b Heatmap of associations between the relative abundances of MAGs and clinical Heaalth of participants. Red represents a positive correlation, whereas blue represents a negative correlation. AI atherosclerosis index; ALT alanine aminotransferase; BFR body fat ratio; DBP diastolic blood pressure; LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; UA uric acid.
c Enrichment of MAGs negatively correlated with AI. To further evaluate whether the changes in the gut microbiota were correlated Healt blood biochemical parameters in participants and clinical improvements after the intervention, we determined the correlation between the relative abundances of MAGs and clinical measurements of the hosts.
In total, MAGs were found to be significantly correlated with at least one Fastin the clinical parameters Fig. In particular, 86 MAGs of 25 species, including 8 MAGs of Heatlh.
thetaiotaomicron and 17 MAGs of P. distasonisanv negatively associated with AI, and 84 of them were also negatively associated with serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol FFasting. Notably, 67 of the 86 MAGs which negatively correlated with AI, including all the 25 MAGs annotated as P.
thetaiotaomicronwere enriched after the IF intervention, whereas most of the MAGs that exhibited higher relative abundances before the intervention Fasfing assigned to Clostridium Q sp and Agathobacter rectalis Fig. In addition to changes in the taxonomic composition, we also determined changes in the functional anv of the gut microbiota.
Clean reads were mapped to the published gut microbial gene catalog 26 to calculate the abundances of functionally annotated genes. We further calculated the reporter Z score to determine the enrichment of functional pathways. The results highlighted that carbon metabolism, the citrate cycle, and the pentose phosphate pathways were significantly enhanced after the intervention, which possibly would lead to higher carbohydrate conversion and increased short-chain fatty acid SCFA production by the gut microbiota Fig.
Healthh In the volcano plot, each dot represents a KEGG Orthologues KO and is distinguished by color. KOs enriched before the experiment are shown in red, and KOs enriched after the intervention are shown in blue.
b The X axis represents Heslth reporter Z score, and the y axis represents the functional pathways. The pathways with Z-scores less than zero were enriched Healh intervention, and those with values above zero were enriched after the intervention.
The darkness of the bars indicates the completeness of each pathway. c Heatmap of associations between the relative abundances of KOs and clinical parameters.
Red represents positive correlation, whereas blue represents negative correlation. AI atherosclerosis index, AST aspartate aminotransferase; BFR body fat ratio, DBP diastolic blood Gu, γ-GT gamma-glutamyl transferase, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, TC total cholesterol, TG triglyceride.
We further analyzed the correlation between the relative abundances of KOs and the clinical parameters. A total of KOs were identified to be correlated with at least one clinical parameter Fig. High uniformity was Gu between KOs Gug correlated with serum LDL-C and serum triglyceride TGas well as those negatively correlated to serum total cholesterol TCAI, and body fat.
Fsating, the relative abundances of three KOs, K hexokinaseK glucosephosphate isomeraseand K biotin carboxyl carrier proteinwhich Heaoth roles in the synthesis of succinate, Supplementary Fig. Although both time-restricted feeding TRF and alternative day IF Guy have been reported to be effective means for weight loss in elderly and obese individuals 2728eHalth are no detailed information as to ad these programs, or any other Fasging programs, also would elicit beneficial clinical changes in individuals with normal weight and body fat.
In this study, 72 volunteers, including healthy regular weight Clinical parameters were also improved, especially those related to obesity, hyperlipidemia, and ASCVD.
Moreover, in contrast to the conclusions obtained from a weight loss study using general caloric restriction 23the baseline gut microbiota did not affect the performance of the IF program applied in this study. The results of this study thus suggest that IF intervention may be a promising strategy for weight loss in populations within a wide range of Heaoth and irrespective of the composition of the gut microbiota.
Ght previous mouse study reported that the gut microbiota may contribute to every-other-day fasting-induced white adipose tissue browning, and reported that the relative abundances of Bacteroides an Parabacteroides decreased simultaneously However, it remains unclear whether a similar correlation also exists in humans and for other IF programs.
Other mouse studies have investigated the changes in gut microbiota induced by different dietary fasting programs but rarely reported on significant change in the relative abundance of Bacteroides or Parabacteroides Relatively Fqsting human studies have been conducted to assess IF-induced changes in the gut microbiota and the relationship with weight loss and host metabolism, and even for these few studies, only the 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing approach was applied, hampering analyses at the species level 29 These studies reported that ADF and Ramadan would lead to an increase in the relative abundance of Bacteroidaceae and Bacteroides in Fasring sclerosis patients and healthy adults, respectively 31 Fastong, 32whereas Healht reported that IF-induced changes in taxonomic composition of gut microbiota were not consistent in published articles.
In this Hexlth, we observed that the relative abundances of multiple Bacteroides and Parabacteroides species, especially the reported beneficial bacteria P.
: Fasting and Gut Health| Does Fasting Improve Gut Health? What to Know | TIME | Research is ongoing, but it could help explain some of the reported benefits of intermittent fasting. PLoS ONE 7 , e For ease of comparability, we proceeded with only human gut-specific functional modules GMM assessed from shotgun sequencing data available for the fasting arm. Google Scholar Rogmann, J. Read: What Do We Know About the Keto Diet? In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. |
| Both intermittent fasting and calorie restriction may benefit the gut | Liu, Z. Abstract Periods of fasting and refeeding may reduce cardiometabolic risk elevated by Western diet. Remarkably, no significant difference in baseline BP, BMI, lipid levels, or glucose homeostasis parameters between BP responders and non-responders was observed before the intervention Supplementary Data 6. Hanaway discusses in this episode can be found here: Fasting and Immune Health. Oksanen, J. Impact of a 3-months vegetarian diet on the gut microbiota and immune repertoire. Also, don't restrict your calorie intake during the eating periods. |
| Fasting to Reset and Heal the Digestive System | There are two primary types of IF: Alternate Day Fasting ADF : refraining from food every other day or on certain days of the week. Show results from All journals This journal. Nicole Grant is a registered dietitian and health coach who specializes in nutrition for metabolic health. Microbes Environ. Article ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Mende, D. Diagnostic checking in regression relationships. Latest Articles View more in. |
| Is Intermittent Fasting Healthy? | Feb Education Fasting and Gut Health Science. vegan: Community Ecology Package R Core Team, Unlike some other gut microorganisms, Fsting Herbal appetite suppressants Fasitng happily Heqlth an empty GI tract. There are several programs, but this guide can help you find out which… READ MORE. Emeran Mayer, a professor of medicine and founding director of the Goodman Luskin Microbiome Center at the University of California, Los Angeles. |
| Does Fasting Improve Gut Health? What to Know | TIME | Most of these genes were annotated as glycoside hydrolases GHs and glycosyltransferases GTs , suggesting that the ability of the gut microbiota to use diverse carbon sources was enhanced. mainly contributed to the richness of polysaccharide lyases PLs , whereas very few PL-coding genes were identified in MAGs of other genera, especially those present in higher abundance before the intervention. a Comparison in counts of carbohydrate-active enzyme subfamilies and copy number of carbohydrate-active enzymes CAZymes encoding genes observed in the metagenome-assembled genomes MAGs enriched before and after the IF intervention. b Heatmap of associations between the relative abundances of MAGs and clinical parameters of participants. Red represents a positive correlation, whereas blue represents a negative correlation. AI atherosclerosis index; ALT alanine aminotransferase; BFR body fat ratio; DBP diastolic blood pressure; LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; UA uric acid. c Enrichment of MAGs negatively correlated with AI. To further evaluate whether the changes in the gut microbiota were correlated to blood biochemical parameters in participants and clinical improvements after the intervention, we determined the correlation between the relative abundances of MAGs and clinical measurements of the hosts. In total, MAGs were found to be significantly correlated with at least one of the clinical parameters Fig. In particular, 86 MAGs of 25 species, including 8 MAGs of B. thetaiotaomicron and 17 MAGs of P. distasonis , were negatively associated with AI, and 84 of them were also negatively associated with serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol LDL-C. Notably, 67 of the 86 MAGs which negatively correlated with AI, including all the 25 MAGs annotated as P. thetaiotaomicron , were enriched after the IF intervention, whereas most of the MAGs that exhibited higher relative abundances before the intervention were assigned to Clostridium Q sp and Agathobacter rectalis Fig. In addition to changes in the taxonomic composition, we also determined changes in the functional potential of the gut microbiota. Clean reads were mapped to the published gut microbial gene catalog 26 to calculate the abundances of functionally annotated genes. We further calculated the reporter Z score to determine the enrichment of functional pathways. The results highlighted that carbon metabolism, the citrate cycle, and the pentose phosphate pathways were significantly enhanced after the intervention, which possibly would lead to higher carbohydrate conversion and increased short-chain fatty acid SCFA production by the gut microbiota Fig. a In the volcano plot, each dot represents a KEGG Orthologues KO and is distinguished by color. KOs enriched before the experiment are shown in red, and KOs enriched after the intervention are shown in blue. b The X axis represents the reporter Z score, and the y axis represents the functional pathways. The pathways with Z-scores less than zero were enriched before intervention, and those with values above zero were enriched after the intervention. The darkness of the bars indicates the completeness of each pathway. c Heatmap of associations between the relative abundances of KOs and clinical parameters. Red represents positive correlation, whereas blue represents negative correlation. AI atherosclerosis index, AST aspartate aminotransferase; BFR body fat ratio, DBP diastolic blood pressure, γ-GT gamma-glutamyl transferase, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, TC total cholesterol, TG triglyceride. We further analyzed the correlation between the relative abundances of KOs and the clinical parameters. A total of KOs were identified to be correlated with at least one clinical parameter Fig. High uniformity was observed between KOs negatively correlated with serum LDL-C and serum triglyceride TG , as well as those negatively correlated to serum total cholesterol TC , AI, and body fat. Notably, the relative abundances of three KOs, K hexokinase , K glucosephosphate isomerase , and K biotin carboxyl carrier protein , which play roles in the synthesis of succinate, Supplementary Fig. Although both time-restricted feeding TRF and alternative day IF ADF have been reported to be effective means for weight loss in elderly and obese individuals 27 , 28 , there are no detailed information as to whether these programs, or any other IF programs, also would elicit beneficial clinical changes in individuals with normal weight and body fat. In this study, 72 volunteers, including healthy regular weight Clinical parameters were also improved, especially those related to obesity, hyperlipidemia, and ASCVD. Moreover, in contrast to the conclusions obtained from a weight loss study using general caloric restriction 23 , the baseline gut microbiota did not affect the performance of the IF program applied in this study. The results of this study thus suggest that IF intervention may be a promising strategy for weight loss in populations within a wide range of BMI and irrespective of the composition of the gut microbiota. A previous mouse study reported that the gut microbiota may contribute to every-other-day fasting-induced white adipose tissue browning, and reported that the relative abundances of Bacteroides and Parabacteroides decreased simultaneously However, it remains unclear whether a similar correlation also exists in humans and for other IF programs. Other mouse studies have investigated the changes in gut microbiota induced by different dietary fasting programs but rarely reported on significant change in the relative abundance of Bacteroides or Parabacteroides Relatively few human studies have been conducted to assess IF-induced changes in the gut microbiota and the relationship with weight loss and host metabolism, and even for these few studies, only the 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing approach was applied, hampering analyses at the species level 29 , These studies reported that ADF and Ramadan would lead to an increase in the relative abundance of Bacteroidaceae and Bacteroides in multiple sclerosis patients and healthy adults, respectively 31 , 32 , whereas other reported that IF-induced changes in taxonomic composition of gut microbiota were not consistent in published articles. In this study, we observed that the relative abundances of multiple Bacteroides and Parabacteroides species, especially the reported beneficial bacteria P. thetaiotaomicron , were significantly increased after the IF intervention. This change is different from what has been reported in previous mouse studies, underscoring the differences between the mouse and the human gut microbiota, suggesting that the responses to IF interventions and the associated molecular mechanisms may differ. Our analyses showed a significant negative correlation between the relative abundances of the IF-enriched B. thetaiotaomicron and P. distasonis , and serum LDL-C and AI, suggesting that these bacteria may play a role in the beneficial effect of the IF intervention. Of note, it has been reported that the relative abundances of Bacteroides spp. and P. distasonis are both decreased in the ASCVD patients To further examine the association between IF, IF-induced change in the gut microbiota, and clinical improvements in the participants, changes in the functional potential of the gut microbiota were investigated. By analyzing the richness and diversity of carbohydrate-active enzymes, we found that the majority of the species enriched after the IF intervention, mostly Bacteroides spp. and Parabacteroides spp. The robust increase in the abundance of microbes capable of digesting diverse carbohydrates and glycoproteins may be a consequence of the intermittent shortage of carbon sources induced by the IF intervention. Notably, Bacteroides spp. were found to carry high counts of PL encoding genes, whereas very few genes of this family were observed in other species investigated, suggesting a unique role for Bacteroides spp. in the microbial response to dietary fasting interventions. According to previous reports, the enrichment of P. distasonis may alleviate obesity and metabolic dysfunctions in mice via the production of succinate and the activation of intestinal gluconeogenesis 25 , whereas the enrichment of B. thetaiotaomicron may increase fermentation of glutamate to gamma-aminobutyric acid GABA , and therefore reduce plasma glutamate concentrations 24 , Consistently, in this study, we observed increases in the abundance of KOs related to succinate synthesis and glutamate metabolism after the intervention, as well as a negative correlation between these KOs and clinical parameters of obesity, hyperlipidemia, and ASCVD. The simultaneous increase in the relative abundances of the species and the functional genes supports a hypothesis that IF intervention may elicit an enrichment of CAZyme-rich gut bacteria, including P. thetaiotaomicron which contribute to alleviate obesity and complications through production of succinate and GABA. Since the main objective of this study was to investigate how intermittent fasting may affect the gut microbiota and host physiological parameters, and the potential links between these factors, a single-group design was applied to maximize the number of individuals who adhered to the IF dietary pattern, which would improve statistical power of relevant analyses under the limitations associated with the total number of participants. However, the absence of a control group made it impossible to perform comparison between IF and a normal dietary pattern in this study. Although the pronounced and statistically significant clinical improvement observed after the intervention suggests that the intervention was sufficient, uncontrolled covariates might also contribute. Further large-scale randomized clinical trials are required to validate our findings and to better distinguish effects induced by the IF intervention per se and the changes in behavior during the program which were not noticed by the participants themselves. Finally, the genetic and functional features of other bacteria which were also enriched after the IF intervention, especially Fusicatenibacter saccharivorans , have not yet been well characterized. The possible role of these microorganisms warrants further studies. Recent review articles have summarized human trials concerning IF and its effects on the gut microbiota 29 , As a significant advantage of the current study, deep metagenomic sequencing and de novo assembly, rather than 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, were performed providing information regarding the gut microbiota at the level of species or even strains, as well as information regarding the functional potential. Association analyses based on the detailed metagenomic data further revealed correlations between clinical parameters and specific gut microorganisms. In addition, the relatively large number of participants compared to previous human studies involving less 35 participants, enabled analyses of participants with a large range of BMI, and suggested a uniform trend of clinical improvements irrespective of BMI. However, several limitations of this study should also be addressed. As mentioned above, a control group was not included in the study, and strict adherence to the usual ad libitum diets was not supervised by medical personnel. Although the participants were instructed to document all food intake, and asked to follow their normal routines during the three-week intervention, uncontrolled covariates could also contribute to the observed changes. Besides, although it has been reported that the atherogenic index of plasma AIP takes TG into account and may provide better performance in prediction of potential cardiovascular events 35 , 36 , it is log-transformed and might induce problems in specific regression analysis. Thus, we used AI, which is still used by many of the clinical doctors due to its advantages in simplicity, but not AIP in this study. Furthermore, gut transit time was not measured in this study. Since previous studies have reported that the gut transit time influences the composition of the gut microbiota 37 , 38 , 39 , interactions between IF and the gut microbiota may be modulated by this factor. Finally, experiments to investigate and validate the mechanisms linking IF, gut microbiota, and host metabolism were not performed in this study. The intervention was conducted at Xiangya Hospital, Hunan, China. The design of the study and protocols were approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, and the Institutional Review Board of BGI. Written informed consent was obtained from each participant. The study was conducted in accordance with the approved guidelines and regulations. The exclusion criteria were i antibiotic therapy during the last 4 weeks; ii a diagnosis of hypertension, diabetes, or other metabolic diseases; iii pregnancy, gastrointestinal abnormalities or eating disorders, history of gastrointestinal surgery or systemic diseases; and iv use of corticosteroid drugs, β-receptor blockers, or other drugs that might affect the findings. Ninety-four volunteers signed consent forms and were evaluated according to the criteria of the study. Eighty-one of them fulfilled the criteria and participated in the whole trial. Seventy-two of the participants donated all required samples. The IF intervention was conducted following the program for three weeks with some minor adjustment. Participants were asked to stay in a sanatorium with no access to additional foods in the fasting days. For the other five days per week, meal replacement powders were arranged as a staple food for dinner, and normal diets were provided so participants might eat ad libitum. Participants were asked to take photographs of every meal in the non-fasting days and send these pictures to nurses and doctors at Xiangya Hospital each day for evaluation of the compliance. Participants were asked to adhere to their usual habits in exercises and social activities during the whole program, and acknowledged to follow all rules above by signing the informed consent forms. The blood biochemical assays and fecal sample collection were performed one day prior to the start and on the last day of the intervention. Supplementary Table 1. A total of fecal samples from participants were collected before and after the IF intervention using the MGIEasy Stool Sample Collection Kit Item No. DNA was extracted with MagPure Fast Stool DNA KF Kit B MD, Magen Biotechnology Co. Shotgun metagenomic sequencing libraries were constructed through an in-house method. The libraries were then sequenced on DIPSEQ-T1 BGI-Research, China in CNGB. In total, Gbp of PE raw data per sample were obtained. Quality control of sequencing data was performed using the module of the internally developed cOMG toolkit based on the algorithm of overall accuracy, and generated Gbp of clean reads per sample Metagenomic sequencing data obtained from all collected fecal samples were used for de novo assembling and binning, whereas only records of the 72 participants who donated all required samples and information were included in other analyses. Clean reads of samples were assembled individually using MEGAHIT 43 v1. VAMB 44 v3. Bins of metagenomes were dereplicated by dRep 45 v3. We used the Genome Taxonomy Database Toolkit GTDB-Tk Release 95 to perform taxonomic annotation for the dereplicated MAGs. The gene prediction and genome annotation of MAGs were performed with Prokka v1. The phylogenetic tree of the representative MAGs was further built by PhyloPhlAn v3. Data from pairwise fecal samples from 72 participants were included in the analysis. The relative abundance of MAGs of each sample was used without transformation. Permutational multivariate analysis of variance PERMANOVA was performed using the adonis function in the vegan package v2. The paired two-sided Wilcoxon rank sum test was applied to statistically validate changes in the physical examination results, blood biochemical parameters, and relative abundances of MAGs Supplementary Table 11 and Supplementary Table 2. Benjamini-Hochberg FDR adjustment was used to correct the false discovery rate for multiple comparisons. Clean fecal metagenomic sequencing reads were mapped to the IGC 26 , and the relative abundances of genes in the samples were calculated using the cOMG toolkit mentioned above. The original KO annotation of IGC was used to annotate the profiles. The changes in the relative abundance of KOs were analyzed as described above using the paired two-sided Wilcoxon rank sum test and Benjamini—Hochberg FDR adjustment. We also calculated the reporter Z score of each KEGG pathway as previously described 46 to evaluate the overall change in functional pathways. The numeric results of the physical examination and blood biochemical parameters were used as the response variables, whereas the log 10 -transformed relative abundances of MAGs or KOs enriched either before or after the intervention served as the predictor variable matrix. The regression was performed in R v4. Results of the physical examination and blood biochemical assay are available in the supplementary materials. Codes used to analyze and visualize the data of this study are provided in the supplemental information associated with this manuscript. Roberto, C. et al. Patchy progress on obesity prevention: emerging examples, entrenched barriers, and new thinking. Lancet , — Article PubMed Google Scholar. Collaborators, G. Health effects of overweight and obesity in countries over 25 Years. Article Google Scholar. Kim, Y. Association of metabolites with obesity and type 2 diabetes based on FTO genotype. PLoS One 11 , e Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar. Lavie, C. Obesity and prevalence of cardiovascular diseases and prognosis-the obesity Paradox updated. Cardiovasc Dis. Furer, A. Adolescent obesity and midlife cancer risk: a population-based cohort study of 2·3 million adolescents in Israel. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. Varady, K. Clinical application of intermittent fasting for weight loss: progress and future directions. Harvie, M. The effect of intermittent energy and carbohydrate restriction v. daily energy restriction on weight loss and metabolic disease risk markers in overweight women. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar. With the ZOE at-home test , you can find the foods that work best for you and your long-term health goals. Probiotics are bacteria similar to those found in your gut microbiome, and scientists believe they have health benefits. You can get probiotics from fermented foods such as live yogurt, aged cheeses, kefir, kimchi, kombucha, and sauerkraut. Eating plenty of plants is also important for your gut health. Regularly eating plants rich in fiber and high-quality protein — for example, lentils, beans, nuts, and quinoa — can also help you feel fuller for longer. Eating lots of ultra-processed foods, with added sugar, fat, salt, and artificial ingredients, is linked to health conditions like heart disease and type 2 diabetes. ZOE runs the largest nutrition and gut microbiome study in the world, with over 15, participants so far. Our research shows that how your body and your gut microbes respond to the foods you eat is unique to you. The ZOE at-home test uses the latest science to analyze your blood sugar and blood fat responses to hundreds of foods. Certain foods may improve your gut health while intermittent fasting, as well as help support you during fasting periods. These include fermented foods containing probiotics, as well as plant foods and whole grains — especially those with prebiotics that provide fuel for your gut bugs. Chronic inflammation. Dietary protein — its role in satiety, energetics, weight loss and health. British Journal of Nutrition. Effect of time-restricted feeding on metabolic risk and circadian rhythm associated with gut microbiome in healthy males. Metabolic effects of intermittent fasting. Annual Review of Nutrition. Remodeling of the gut microbiome during Ramadan-associated intermittent fasting. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. The role of the gut barrier function in health and disease. Gastroenterology Research. How do I know if intermittent fasting is right for me? SD: I think it's right for everybody, frankly. Is intermittent fasting bad for my metabolism? SD: If you do it correctly, it's fantastic for your metabolism. Read: What Do We Know About the Keto Diet? Can I exercise while fasting? SD: Yes, absolutely. Will I be tired while fasting? Where do I start? While fasting, you're consuming calories. The hour fast is simply fasting for 16 hours straight, which is easier to do when combining with your sleeping window. Are there specific foods that I need to focus on? Tags: Expert Advice. Food and Nutrition. Popular Categories. Popular Topics. Women's Health. Expert Advice. Patient Stories. Make an Appointment. Schedule a Callback. |
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