Antimicrobial properties -
Main article: Ozone Applications. Main articles: Dry heat sterilization and Moist heat sterilization. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Archived from the original on 24 April Retrieved February Mayo Clinic Proceedings.
doi : PMC PMID Archived from the original on Irish Journal of Medical Science. S2CID Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica, inc. Retrieved 24 February The British Journal of Experimental Pathology. The Nobel Prize Organization.
Sanford Guide to Antimicrobial Therapy 48th ed. Antimicrobial Therapy Incorporated. ISBN difficile infection". The American Journal of Gastroenterology. World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology.
Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases. Challenges for the Development of New Antibiotics — Rethinking the Approaches. National Academies Press. ISSN June Science of the Total Environment. Bibcode : ScTEn. Hajime Current Medicinal Chemistry.
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Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on 20 March Retrieved 2 April Washington, DC: EPA Press Office. Archived from the original on 22 March ACS Nano. Letters in Applied Microbiology. Phytotherapy Research. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. Environmental Protection Agency.
Pesticide Outlook. Indian Journal of Medical Research. WHO Departmental News. Geneva, Nairobi, Paris, Rome. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Food Control. AIHA Journal. Pathogens and Global Health.
August ex Schult, Leucas aspera Wild. ex Schult". Biophysical Journal. Bibcode : BpJ Frontiers in Chemistry. Bibcode : FrCh Antimicrobial Food Additives : Characteristics · Uses · Effects.
Berlin , Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg. OCLC Basicmedical Key. Uniwersytet Medyczny we Wrocławiu. Retrieved 13 November US EPA. Retrieved 28 October Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from the original on 20 April Retrieved 17 April Water Research Center.
Retrieved 18 April Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. Journal of Hospital Infection. Analytical Chemistry. Use of antimicrobials. Antibacterial Antifungal Antiviral Antiparasitic. Antibiotic sensitivity Antimicrobial resistance multidrug Antibiotic prophylaxis Empiric therapy Directed therapy.
Antimicrobial stewardship Antibiotic misuse. Antimicrobial pharmacodynamics List of antibiotics Production of antibiotics. Antibiotic use in livestock Antibiotics in poultry farming in America Subtherapeutic antibiotic use in swine Pesticide resistance.
Related drugs by Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification ATC code. Antibacterials that inhibit protein synthesis J01A , J01B , J01F , J01G , QJ01XQ. Gentamicin Netilmicin Sisomicin Micronomicin Plazomicin Isepamicin Verdamicin Astromicin. Eperezolid Linezolid Posizolid Radezolid Ranbezolid Sutezolid Tedizolid.
Chloramphenicol Azidamfenicol Thiamphenicol Florfenicol. Azamulin Lefamulin Retapamulin Tiamulin Valnemulin. Azithromycin Boromycin Carbomycin Clarithromycin Dirithromycin Erythromycin Flurithromycin Gamithromycin Josamycin Kitasamycin Midecamycin Miocamycin Oleandomycin Rokitamycin Roxithromycin Solithromycin Spiramycin Telithromycin Tildipirosin Tilmicosin Troleandomycin Tulathromycin Tylosin Tylvalosin.
Clindamycin Lincomycin Pirlimycin. Fusidic acid. Antibacterials active on the cell wall and envelope J01C - J01D. Ceftaroline fosamil Ceftolozane Ceftobiprole. Ceftiofur Cefquinome Cefovecin. Penam Sulbactam Tazobactam Clavam Clavulanic acid non-β-lactam Avibactam Durlobactam Relebactam Vaborbactam.
Insert into bacterial cell wall causing perforation and depolarization: Daptomycin Surfactin. Bind to LPS in the outer bacterial membrane, acting in detergent-like fashion: Colistin Polymyxin B.
Inhibits PG elongation and crosslinking: Ramoplanin §. Hydrolyze NAM-NAG lysozyme Tyrothricin Gramicidin Tyrocidine Isoniazid Teixobactin. Antibacterials that inhibit nucleic acid J01E , J01M. Sulfaisodimidine Sulfamethizole Sulfadimidine Sulfapyridine Sulfasalazine Sulfafurazole Acetyl sulfisoxazole Sulfanilamide Prontosil Sulfathiazole Phthalylsulfathiazole , Succinylsulfathiazole Sulfathiourea.
Sulfamethoxazole Sulfadiazine Sulfamoxole. Sulfadimethoxine Sulfadoxine Sulfalene Sulfametomidine Sulfametoxydiazine Sulfamethoxypyridazine Sulfaperin Sulfamerazine Sulfaphenazole Sulfamazone. Mafenide Sulfacetamide Sulfaclozine Sulfadicramide Sulfaguanidine Sulfametrole Sulfanitran.
Acediasulfone Dapsone Solasulfone Sulfoxone. Nemonoxacin Ozenoxacin. Aminocoumarins : Novobiocin. Metronidazole Ornidazole Secnidazole Tinidazole.
Rifampicin Rifabutin Rifapentine Rifaximin Rifalazil §. Antibacterials : others J01X , D06AX. Antifungals D01 and J These require applicator training and certification. Sterilizers are used in medical and research settings when the presence of microbes must be prevented as much as possible.
In addition to chemical sterilizers, high-pressure steam and ovens are also used to sterilize items. Always follow the label directions. The "Directions for Use" are specific, and the product may not work if you don't follow them. Never mix different antimicrobial products.
Most antimicrobial products take time to work. Read the label to find out how long the product must remain in contact with the surface in order to sanitize, disinfect or sterilize it. Some products can be harmful when touched or inhaled.
References: What are Antimicrobial Pesticides? S Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.
Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, Pesticide Registration and Classification Procedures, Protection of the Environment; Code of Federal Regulations, Part , Title 40, Anthrax Spore Decontamination Using Bleach Sodium hypochlorite ; U.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs. Label Review Manual - Chapter 2: What is a Pesticide?
Antimicrobial Pesticide Products ; U. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, accessed Dec updated Dec Antimicrobial Products Registered for Use Against the H1N1 Flu and Other Influenza A Viruses on Hard Surfaces ; U.
Selected EPA-registered Disinfectants ; U. Gilbert, P. Potential Impacts of Increased Use of Biocides in Consumer Products on Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance. Clinical Microbiology Reviews , 16, 2, Rutala, W. Guideline for Disinfection and Sterilization in Health Care Facilities, Center for Disease Control, Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee HICPAC.
pdf accessed Dec , updated Dec Another study examined the inhibitory activity of freshly extracted essential oils from three fibre type hemp varieties Carmagnola, Fibranova, and Futura on microbial growth Nissen et al.
The results showed that essential oils of industrial hemp can significantly inhibit the microbial growth, depending on variety and sowing time. Novak et al. Linking an antibacterial functional group with the cellulosic backbone of hemp fibre may offer opportunities to produce functionalized biopolymer for biomedical applications.
Cassano et al. Its antibacterial activity in inhibiting S. aureus and P. aeruginosa growth in Petri dishes suggested that this biomaterial possesses an excellent in vitro antibacterial activity and so it can be efficiently employed in biomedical fields to ensure a protection against contaminations.
The functionalized biopolymer interacts with metal ions because of its chelating functional groups. This feature makes the synthesized biomaterial a potential candidate for metal ions removal. Negative results regarding antibacterial activity of hemp also have been reported Sokmen et al. Air-dried and finely ground samples of hemp seeds were extracted in methanol at 60 °C for 6 h, and the extract was tested against S.
aureus , B. cereus , B. catarrhalis , E. coli , C. perfringens and C. The extract did not exhibit any activity against any of the microorganisms Sokmen et al. Aqueous and alcoholic extracts of hemp were evaluated for their in vitro antibacterial activity against P. mirabilis by serial dilution methods Yasmeen et al.
Both the aqueous and alcoholic extracts of hemp did not show any antibacterial activity against P. In general, cannabinoids, alkanoids, seed oil, essential oils, methanol extracts, ethanolic extracts, acetone extracts, and petroleum ether extracts of whole hemp plant or leaves showed antibacterial effect against a variety of bacteria.
Hemp may have many applications in controlling microorganism; however, no products have been reported. Lignin, the second most abundant natural compound after cellulose Boudet and Grima-Pettenati , is a high-molecular weight polymer of phenolic compounds that occurs naturally in plants.
The phenolic components of lignin have been reported to inhibit growth of micro-organisms such as E. coli, S. cerevisiae, B. licheniformis , and A. niger Baurhoo et al. Some studies discovered that lignin in bamboo Afrin et al.
The total amount of lignin in bamboo may vary between Afrin et al. Phenolic acids and aldehydes identified from alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation of bamboo are vanillin, syringic acid, syringaldehyde, vanillic acid, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, p-coumaric acid, acetosyringone, acetovanillone, and ferulic acid Li et al.
Phenolic acids and aldehydes identified in hemp hurd are vanillin, syringaldehyde, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, vanillic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, acetosyringone, and gallic acid Gandolfi et al.
It is clearly evident that the phenolic compounds identified in hemp lignin are similar to those in bamboo. Besides, cannabinoid content of fibre type hemp hurds was investigated by Cappelletto et al. The cannabinoid Δ 9 -THC, CBD, Δ8-THC, and CBN content of the dust obtained from the top of the stems after the mechanical treatment can be up to 1.
Considerable amount of cannabinoids present in hemp hurd as well as the phenolic compounds that hemp hurd might possess good antibacterial property. Among all the fibre producing plants, hemp has been the most predominantly investigated plant for bioactive components.
Other fibre plants such as jute, bamboo, flax, sisal, kenaf, banana, and pineapple, have also been investigated and have shown some antibacterial activity.
Bamboo belongs to the family of Poaceae grasses , sub-family Bambusoideae and tribe Bambuseae Worobiec and Worobiec Alpha-cellulose, lignin, extractives, pentosan, ash, and silica content are increased with increasing age of bamboo Chen et al. It is well accepted that there are abundant biologically active components in bamboo, such as triterpenoids, saponins, and sterols Chen et al.
Several phenolic compounds have been identified in the culms and leaves. Composition and concentrations of soluble phenolic compounds phenolic acids and flavonoids in bamboo culms are affected by species, age and site Keski-Saari et al. Antibacterial performance of bamboo extracts was reported, where methanol, ethanol, and other common solvent extracts of bamboo culms, shavings, and leaves were tested against a wide variety of bacteria Mulyono et al.
In this case, extraction was done with raw bamboo powder in water, dimethyl sulphoxide DMSO , and aqueous dioxane, since DMSO and dioxane are regarded as commonly used solvents for hemicellulose and lignin respectively. Jute fibre is obtained from two cultivated species Corchorus capsularis and C.
Cardiac glycosides, triterpenoids, sterols, phenolics, ionones, carbohydrates, and fatty acids have been reported from jute Khan et al. Mosihuzzaman et al. Analysis of lignin and cinnamic acids in jute using analytical pyrolysis and Fourier-transform infrared FTIR spectroscopy was carried out, and around 80 compound were identified del Rio et al.
The petroleum ether extract of jute leaves demonstrated activity against E. aureus , and Y. candidum and B. cinerea Ilhan et al. Antibacterial activity of the jute plant also has been reported by other researchers Adegoke and Adebayo-Tayo ; Patel Rashmika Farah et al.
diphtheria , S. aureus, B. cereus , S. epidermidis , and K. Flax Linum usitatissimum belongs to the Linaceae family. Flax-seed contains many bioactive compounds, such as alpha-linolenic acid, lignans, and protein Rubilar et al. Linseed oil or flax-seed oil showed good in vitro antibacterial activity against a number of microorganisms including S.
aureus , S. agalactiae , E. faecalis , C. albicans , and E coli Kaithwas et al. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of flax seed also has been reported by others Guilloux et al.
Sisal belongs to the Agavaceae family. Antibacterial activity of sisal plant was also reported in some literature Dlamini Abednego et al.
The hydroalcoholic extract obtained from sisal showed significant inhibition of C. albicans Santos et al. The kenaf plant Hibiscus cannabinus is composed of multiple useful components e. stalks, leaves, and seeds Webber III and Bledsoe Antibacterial activity of Kenaf against S.
aureus and E. coli was reported Zakaria et al. While cultivated primarily for their fruits, banana, and pineapple plants are also valuable source of plant fibre.
Ethyl acetate, ethanol, and water soluble fractions of green banana peels, pulps, seeds, and inflorescences displayed high antibacterial and antioxidant activity Fagbemi et al. Pineapple stem waste exhibited antibacterial activity to some extent Upadhyay et al.
Contamination by microorganisms is of great concern in a variety of areas, such as medical devices, healthcare products, water purification systems, hospitals, dental office equipment, food packaging, food storage, and household sanitation Patel et al.
One possible way to manage microbial contamination is to develop materials with antimicrobial properties Park et al. Application of hemp as drug and antibacterial agents have been reported Moore et al. Biomedical application of polymer composites can be found in the form of implants and medical devices Ramakrishna et al.
In some applications the antibacterial property may increase the functionality of polymer composites, for example in wound dressing. These skin dressings should prevent loss of fluids, electrolytes, and other biomolecules from the wound and obstruct bacterial entry, but should also be permeable enough to allow the passage of discharges from pores or cuts.
Hemp can be used in conjunction with suitable materials to meet these requirements. For example, polyurethane PU and chitosan are frequently used in wound dressings due to their excellent barrier properties and oxygen permeability Khil et al.
Hemp incorporated nanofibrous PU membrane, prepared by electrospinning, could be properly employed as wound dressings. Again, hemp incorporated asymmetric chitosan membrane may be a very useful wound dressing with the antibacterial capacity to prevent infection of broken skin.
As well as the antibacterial property of hemp, its porous physical structure, air permeabilty, and absorbency capabilities would add advantageous features to wound dressing.
The lightweight, corrosion resistance, fatigue resistance, aesthetics, and ease of fabrication of polymer composite materials make them an ideal choice for modern limb systems Ramakrishna et al. A large number of polymers such as polyethylene PE , polyurethane PU , polytetrafluoroethylene PTFE , polyacetal PA , polymethylmethacrylate PMMA , polyethylene terepthalate PET , silicone rubber SR , polysulfone PS , polyetheretherketone PEEK , poly lactic acid PLA , poly glycolic acid PGA , and so on are used in various biomedical applications Ramakrishna et al.
Incorporating antibacterial hemp as filler in the polymer composites could provide protection against bacterial attachment. Hemp incorporated polymer composites can be an excellent choice for prostheses for external missing limbs such as legs and arms.
Also, cannabinoids and alkaloids have the potential to be used as a drug to treat bacterial infection or may be used in conjunction with antibiotics to enhance their activity.
In recent years, new food-packaging systems have been developed in response to trends in consumer preferences towards mildly preserved, fresh, tasty, and convenient food products with a prolonged shelf-life Emamifar In addition, food-borne microbial outbreaks are driving a search for innovative ways to inhibit microbial growth in the foods while maintaining quality, freshness, and safety Paola To provide this shelf-life extension, and to improve the quality, safety, and integrity of the packaged food, innovative active and intelligent packaging concepts are being developed.
Examples of this are incorporating oxygen, moisture, and ethylene scavengers for oxygen, moisture, and ethylene sensitive foods, use of carbon dioxide or ethylene emitters in other foods, flavor imparting or scavenging chemicals, and antimicrobial agents for microbiological safety of food Chinnan Antimicrobial packaging is a form of active packaging that interacts with the product or the headspace between the package and the food system, to obtain a desired outcome Paola Although most of the antibacterial agents currently being used are usually artificial chemicals, natural plant material has the potential to be used in active packaging.
For example, edible films incorporated with clove essential oil showed significant antibacterial activity against L. acidophilus, P. fluorescens, L. innocua, and E. coli Gómez-Estaca et al. Similarly, hemp can be incorporated in food packaging composites, and be considered as ecofriendly.
Hemp incorporated polymer composites formed by injection moulding can provide packaging materials with a wide range of shape and sizes for containing a range of foods including meat, salads, and ready-made food products.
Essential oils of fibre type hemp may also have interesting applications in controlling spoilage by food-borne pathogens and phytopathogenic microorganisms. Hemp can be used for skin care and cosmetic due to the high content of oil, especially unsaturated fatty acids Vogl et al.
Antibacterial hemp in powder form can be incorporated into tooth powder, toothpaste, mouth-wash, toilet bars, antiseptic ointment, and foot powders.
In hot weather, for example sweating and exercise generate a moisture-rich environment in shoes that stimulates overgrowth of both aerobic bacteria and fungi Misner Antibacterial foot soakings may provide relief. Essential oil of hemp can also provide benefits in various cosmetics.
An exposure and uptake assessment for Δ 9 -THC from hemp oil cosmetics was conducted to address concerns about Δ 9 -THC in cosmetics Pless and Leson The results strongly suggested that even unrealistically extensive use of such products could not result in positive screening or confirmed urine tests for marijuana.
Antibacterial activity of hemp and other fibre plants has been reviewed. The review suggests that natural fibre plants could serve as a potential source of antibacterial components and can be utilized effectively without being wasted.
Cannabinoids, alkanoids, other bioactive compounds or phenolic compounds of lignin may contribute to the antibacterial character of hemp. Recently, a series of tests has been conducted on hemp hurd for its antibacterial activity not published yet , and strong antibacterial activity is shown against E.
This finding reveals tremendous opportunity of hemp hurd to be used in functional applications. Intensive research is needed towards identification of active compounds for antibacterial effect and utilization of inexpensive materials in value-added diversified products with consideration into their antibacterial performance.
Antimicrobial properties you propertiee visiting Antimicrobial properties. You are using a browser version with Superfood supplement for detoxification support for CSS. To Antimicrkbial the best Antumicrobial, we recommend you use a Antimicrobial properties up to date browser or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. Antibiotic-resistance is ever growing burden on our society for the past many years. Many synthetic chemistry approaches and rational drug-design have been unable to pace up and tackle this problem. edu Properyies open from AM to PM Pacific Time, Mon-Fri. Using Antimicrobial properties to Control the Antimicrobila Virus. Antimicrobial products kill or slow the spread of microorganisms. Microorganisms include bacteria, viruses, protozoans, and fungi such as mold and mildew. The U. Environmental Protection Agency EPA regulates antimicrobial products as pesticides, and the U.
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Propfrties, antibacterial investigations of natural fibre plants Antimicroboal provide improved utilization of these Antimicrobkal as well. Propertiws is a typical fibre-generating propertles with proprrties antibacterial performance Appendino et al.
Certain other natural fibre plants also show similar Antimictobial Afrin et al. However, hemp is more Antimicrobial properties prolerties as a potential medicinal plant and has Antiicrobial more attention than other fibre plants Benet To more fully understand the Abtimicrobial of research properries has been done on Antimicrobiql antibacterial propertirs, this review includes Venomous snakebite antidotes aspects such as the identities and concentrations of active Ahtimicrobial, the antibacterial peoperties of extracts, and possible applications.
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Researchers propertiies divergent fields in the Hyperglycemia in elderly have investigated plants with an eye to their antibacterial usefulness.
Useful antimicrobial phytochemicals identified in the plants can be divided into several categories such as phenolics and polyphenols, terpenoids and essential oils, cannabinoids, alkaloids, lectins and polypeptides, and polyacetylenes.
Phenolics and polyphenols include simple phenols and phenolic acids, quinones, flavones, flavonoids, flavonols, tannins, and coumarins Appendino et al. Much of the information about the antibacterial activities of plants is anecdotal, although some of them have been scientifically investigated.
The antimicrobial properties of the constituents from a wide variety of plants have been reviewed Cowan ; Dixon ; Dorman and Deans Some of the fibre plants, especially hemp, demonstrated potentially important antibacterial properties.
Hemp has a long history of cultivation for various purposes including fibre, medicine, recreational drugs, and food Marks et al. Hemp contains many classes of chemical constituents Turner et al. These include cannabinoids, nitrogenous compounds, amino acids, proteins, glycoproteins, enzymes, sugars, hydrocarbons, simple alcohols, simple aldehydes, simple ketones, simple acids, fatty acids, simple esters, lactones, steroids, terpenes, non-cannabinoid phenols, flavanoid glycosides, vitamins, and pigments.
The total number of natural compounds identified in hemp is greater than ElSohly and Slade ; Radwan et al. Complex macro-composition of hemp and numerous compounds within the plant have the potential to exhibit antibacterial activity.
Cannabinoids are the typical group of C21 compounds present in hemp, and they are in the form of carboxylic acids, analogs, and transformation products Mechoulam and Gaoni ; Razdan The compounds are either structurally or pharmacologically similar to Δ 9 -THC or those that bind to the cannabinoid receptors.
The 86 known cannabinoids Ahmed et al. In hemp, the most prevalent cannabinoids are Δ 9 -THC, CBD, and CBN, followed by CBG, CBC, and CBND. The others are minor. Some cannabinoids extracted from hemp were found to show excellent antibacterial activity Appendino et al.
There are three sources of cannabinoids. Plant-derived cannabinoids sometimes termed phytocannabinoids Lambert and Fowler such as Δ 9 -THC and CBD, occur uniquely in the hemp plant.
Endogenous cannabinoids, also known as endocannabinoids such as anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerolare produced in the bodies of humans and animals. Synthetic cannabinoids, such as WIN,JWH, and R -methanandamide METhave been developed in the laboratory with structures similar to plant or endogenous cannabinoids Sarfaraz et al.
The concentrations of bioactive compounds in hemp depend on tissue type, age, variety, growth conditions nutrition, humidity and light levelsharvest time, and storage conditions Hirofumi et al.
For example, the hemp grown in northern latitudes is reported to have a high content of CBD and Δ 9 -THC, resulting in strong antimicrobial activity Leizer et al. Cannabinoids are found in all parts of the hemp plant, but the most potent resinous exudate comes from the flowering tops.
The potency of the clinical effects of cannabinoids is determined by the type of seed and the part of the plant being used but not by the climate or soil, as had once been assumed Walsh et al.
Fairbairn and Liebmann reported that a cool climate and poor lighting conditions do not seem to prevent the production of active components i. THC and CBD. It has been found that the concentration of THC varies between and within individual plants Fairbairn and Liebmann ; Latta and Eaton Seasonal fluctuation in cannabinoids has been related to stage of development of the plant Latta and Eaton Cannabinoids were lowest in seedlings, highest prior to flowering, and at an intermediate level thereafter until physiological maturity.
It was also noticed that cannabinoids were highest in flowers and progressively lower in leaves, petioles, stems, seeds, and roots; however, cannabinoids content of male and female flowers was not significantly different Latta and Eaton Most of the investigations on cannabis concentration of hemp plants excludes the roots, stems, and seeds as their cannabinoid content are low Field and Arndt Table 1 shows the concentration of bioactive components in hemp in descending order by different parts and by the growing stage of the plant.
Hemphill et al. Leaves of different ages were analysed, and it was revealed that the youngest leaves from the uppermost nodes of the flowering plants of fibre type strains contained the highest level of their characteristic cannabinoid.
The concentrations of cannabinoids in fibre type hemp plants decreases progressively along the axis, with the lowest level of cannabinoids present in the mature and old senescing leaves. Again, bracts of fibre type plants possess high level of CBD and low level of Δ 9 -THC, while bracts from the drug type plants contained high levels of Δ 9 -THC with low concentrations of CBD or CBC.
Analysis of hemp seeds of both drug type and fibre type for their Δ 9 -THC concentration has been carried out by Ross et al. It was noticed that cleanliness of the seeds plays a major role in the apparent concentration of Δ 9 -THC in hemp seeds. Investigation also suggested that the bulk of Δ 9 -THC in the hemp seeds resides on the outside of the seeds, with only small amounts in the seed coat or the kernel itself Ross et al.
Thus the content of THC in hemp oil can come only as a result of the technical process of harvesting the fruits Mölleken and Husmann Common solvents used for active component extraction are water, ethanol, methanol, chloroform, dichloromethanol, ether, and acetone Cowan ; Ncube et al.
Solvents used in the extraction methods have great influence on the amount of active compounds that can be extracted and thus the result of the antibacterial performance of a plant. Hemp extracts using organic solvents exhibited very good antimicrobial activity against S.
aureusas reported by Borchardt et al. Cannabinoids extracted from the hemp leaves by aqueous produced a total yield of 3. In vitro antimicrobial studies were conducted with aqueous, ethanolic, and petroleum ether extracts of the hemp leaves Wasim et al. The ethanolic extract, petroleum ether extract, and the acidic fraction exhibited activity both against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and also against the fungi used in the study.
However, the aqueous extract did not show any antimicrobial activity. Apart from the extraction method, several other factors also influence the results of antibacterial investigations, such as the environmental and climatic conditions under which the plant grew, choice of plant extracts, antibacterial test method, and the test microorganisms used Nostro et al.
Researchers have reported antibacterial activity of cannabinoids against a wide range of bacteria Appendino et al. Appendino et al. It was found that all of them showed potent activity against a variety of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA strains of current clinical relevance. Lone and Lone extracted cannabinoids by aqueous and acetone and tested their antibacterial performance.
The acetone extract exhibited higher antimicrobial activity than that of the crude aqueous extract against the bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Vibro cholera, and the fungi Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida albicans. The cannabinoids extracts also demonstrated antioxidant activity by changing to yellow colour.
Radwan et al. Three of these displayed significant antibacterial and antifungal activities, while others displayed strong antileishmanial activity. Crude alkaloid from the leaves of hemp plants was extracted, and its in vitro antibacterial activities were evaluated against various bacterial strains of microflora and a β-strain of E.
coli Das The study revealed growth inhibition and effectiveness in the extracts of hemp, which suggests that leaves potentially possess a broad spectrum antibacterial activity.
Considering the above findings, it is certain that all five major cannabinoids: CBD, CBC, CBG, Δ 9 -THC, and CBN, and crude alkaloids from hemp are potential candidates to be considered as natural antibacterial agents.
Table 2 summarizes antibacterial activity found in hemp extracts. The antibacterial activity of hemp seed oil, essential oil, and organic solvent extracts has been studied Ali et al. Ali et al. subtilis and S.
: Antimicrobial properties| Antimicrobial properties of copper - Wikipedia | The results were recorded. Concentration of Active Components within the Plant Hemphill et al. A systematic review. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 68 , — As antiseptics, antimicrobial products are used to treat or prevent diseases on people, pets, and other living things. |
| Introduction | pneumonia and P. The instrument used to Antmiicrobial Antimicrobial properties this Antimocrobial Antimicrobial properties called a desiccator. Culture-independent discovery of the malacidins as calcium-dependent antibiotics with activity against multidrug-resistant Gram-positive pathogens. rhizome and berberine Ho et al. mongolicum flowers and its fractions petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, and water fractions against E. |
| What is antimicrobial? | Biodiversity of halophilic bacteria holds a huge potential to produce new and unexplored antimicrobial entities. Tonima Kamat et al. reported the antimicrobial activities demonstrated by the halophilic bacteria isolated from salt pans 9. Similarly, Toktham et al. also reported the effectiveness of the halophiles as antimicrobials 10 , Recently, Atirah et al. discussed the purification of a bacteriocin from Halomonas sp. Intracellular proteins of Virgibacillus marismortui and Terribacillus halophilus , i. Based on these observations and since there are not many reports available from India showing the antimicrobial potential of halophiles, we studied the biodiversity of halophilic bacteria isolated from Sambhar Lake in Rajasthan, India. In the present study, we screened the bacterial isolates from this lake for their antimicrobial activity. We have characterized one novel species strain SMB1 in this manuscript. Moreover, we purified and characterized the antimicrobial compound from the fermentation broth. Tandem mass spectroscopy, amino acid analysis, and whole genome data were used to identify this antimicrobial compound. Additionally, we predicted two novel bacteriocin gene clusters and one non-ribosomal peptide gene cluster in the whole genome of this novel species. The novel species SMB1 T was characterized using polyphasic taxonomic approaches. More than hundred bacterial strains were isolated from the Sambar Lake and screened for their antimicrobial activity against E. coli MTCC , Staphylococcus aureus ATCC , Bacillus subtilis ATCC , and Candida albicans MTCC These positive isolates were identified based on their 16S rRNA gene sequences. They comprised of four novel species among them as shown in Table 1. In the current work, we characterized SMB1 T as novel species and studied its antimicrobial activity. The strain SMB1 T showed consistent antagonistic activity against Gram-positive bacteria. Partial purification of the antimicrobial compound was achieved through cation-exchange chromatography. The active fraction was eluted at 0. Further, the purification of the active compound was performed on RP-HPLC. Figure 1A shows the HPLC chromatogram of cation-active dialysate. The molecular mass of the compound was deduced as Tandem MS and amino acid analysis were further carried out to identify the compound. In the amino acid analysis, we found the presence of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, lysine and one non-standard amino acid which later was identified as ornithine Fig. MS-MS data also supported the amino acid composition. Mass spectroscopy and amino acid profile revealed that the active compound belongs to bacitracin family and its molecular mass was similar to that of bacitracin A C 66 H N 17 O 16 S, calc. mass Bacitracin A is a cyclic peptide containing twelve amino acid residues 17 , The lysine at position 6 is involved in double linkage with ornithine at position 7 using α- carbonyl group while with asparagine at position 12 using ε-amino group. In tandem mass spectroscopy, such residues are most vulnerable and thus we observed two series of b and y ions upon linearization of the peptide after the breakage of either of the bonds. Each bond leads to a different primary sequence and we were able to assign both series of ions as can be seen in Fig. For further confirmation, we performed the comparative analysis of the antimicrobial compound produced by the SMB1 T strain with standard bacitracin A. As shown in Fig. Moreover, the antimicrobial activity spectrum against selected indicator strains was also similar Fig. This data collectively suggested that compound isolated in this study is bacitracin A. A Profile of the cation exchange active peak of the antimicrobial compound of SMB1 T. The activity of the peak is inserted in the picture; B HPLC profile of the purified compound of SMB1 T. The activity of the peak is inserted in the picture. A LCMS profile of active fraction of antimicrobial compound of SMB1 T ; B Amino Acid chromatogram of the pure antimicrobial compound of SMB1 T. MSMS Spectrum of isolated compound. A Assignment of b and y ions; B Amino acid sequence deduced from the MSMS data. Both α-carbonyl group and ɛ-amino group of the lysine residue at position 6 are involved in amide linkage with ornithine position 7 and asparagine position 12 respectively, to form a cyclic heptapeptide. A HPLC profile of standard Bacitracin A; B HPLC profile of purified compound from SMB1 T. This sequence was the draft genome of the strain SMB1 T in which 63 contigs were obtained. We predicted genes from the ABySS assembled contigs using Glimmer We found 5, genes in the assembly. The assembled fasta file was uploaded on Rapid Annotation using Subsystem Technology RAST tool. This is a fully automated system for genome annotations. For further confirmation of the production of bacitracin by the strain SMB1 T , we looked for the genes encoding for the synthesis of the bacitracin, we were able to locate the partial cluster at contig showing the presence of Bacitracin synthetase 3 BA3 gene as shown in Fig. This enzyme complex encodes for the amino acids that are required for the synthesis of bacitracin. Hence, with this annotation results we confirmed that our strain SMB1 T is having the genes for the synthesis of bacitracin which was purified in the present study. Two novel biosynthetic gene clusters were obtained in the BAGEL analysis Fig. The gene clusters encoding for the lasso-peptide cluster1 and thiopeptide cluster2 , the putative bacteriocins were identified using BAGEL 3. Another novel biosynthetic gene cluster was identified using anti-SMASH; it belonged to non-ribosomal peptide NRP secondary metabolite, and was located on contig 41 as shown in Fig. The software predicted thirteen adenylation domains and six epimerase domains. This analysis suggests that the predicted peptide contains thirteen amino acid residues; six out of them may be D-amino acids. This indicated that the compound encoded by this cluster may be a novel compound and needs further investigation. The other clusters also displayed low levels of homology with other peptide gene clusters. The comparison of bacteriocin and NRPS gene cluster with their homologs are given in the Supplementary Material Supplementary Figs S4 and S5. The genome sequence of the strain SMB1 T has been deposited in the GenBank database and Accession Number QKRB was obtained. Antimicrobial biosynthetic gene cluster in the genome sequence of strain SMB1 T A Cluster 1, lassopeptide predicted using BAGEL3; B Cluster 2, thiopeptide, a putative bacteriocin predicted using BAGEL3; C Cluster 3, non-ribosomal peptide predicted using anti-SMASH. The strain SMB1 T was characterized using polyphasic taxonomic approach. The 16S rRNA Accession Number LT gene was showing The sequence similarity with other members of the genus Paenibacillus is between The phylogenetic tree analysis demonstrated that the strain SMB1 T belongs to the genus Paenibacillus and its closest homolog is Paenibacillus tarimensis Fig. The strain SMB1 T is non-motile, straight rod-shaped Gram-positive bacterium with dimension 0. Neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree, based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, showing relationships between different strains of the genus Paenibacillus spp. Bacillus subtilis was taken as the outgroup. Bar, 0. The strain SMB1 T was able to grow between 30°C to 42°C and had an optimum temperature for growth at 37°C. The pH range for the growth was from pH 6. The phenotypic characteristics of the strain SMB1 T in comparison to its closely related species are described in Table 2. The results observed using phenotypic fingerprinting VITEK 2 GP are represented in Table S1. The fatty acid profile Table S2 revealed the presence of branched and saturated like C Hydroxy fatty acids were absent. Overall fatty acid profile of strain SMB1 T was same as those of the strain DSM T and however, the saturated fatty acids C and branched fatty acids iso-C 0 was absent in DSM T. Fatty acids C 0, C 1 ω11c and iso-C 0 was absent in strain SMB1 T but present in DSM T. Hence, it clearly demonstrates the difference in their fatty acid profiles. According to the DNA-DNA hybridization, the relative binding ratio with Paenibacillus tarimensis , DSM T was The relation was found to be significantly less in comparison to the threshold value for the species delineation i. These results demonstrate the distinction of the strain SMB1 T from its closest neighbor. Sambhar Lake is the one of the largest Salt Lake in India. It has the extreme hypersaline environment. These extreme conditions harbor microorganisms with valuable and distinct characteristics. The extremophiles survive the harsh and hyper environmental conditions and produce unique and uncommon bioactive molecules and secondary metabolites. These compounds are industrially stable and have many biotechnological applications The main objective of our study was to explore the diversity of the Sambhar Lake for the screening of the antimicrobial compounds. We isolated hundred bacterial strains from the lake samples and screened all of them for their antimicrobial activities using agar well diffusion assay. Fifteen isolates showed inhibitory activity against the indicator strains. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing data revealed that these isolates included four novel bacterial species, having pairwise similarity percentage less than or equal to We recently published three out of four strains as novel species. In the present work, we studied the strain SMB1 T for the purification and identification of the antimicrobial compound and also characterized it as a novel species. This strain had a pairwise sequence similarity of So, we performed polyphasic taxonomic characterization to describe the strain. Different species of genus Paenibacillus were isolated and characterized till date from various ecological niches such as soils, plants, animals, polar Antarctic habitats, alkaline environments, marine sources or cold and desert environments 23 , 24 , 25 , The phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the strain SMB1 T is closely related to the Paenibacillus tarimensis DSM T and they shared the same clade. The genus Paenibacillus is reported to have antesio-C as major cellular fatty acids 20 , likewise our results showed the major fatty of anteiso-C Major differences were also observed in the cellular fatty acids, as unsaturated fatty acids were absent in strain SMB1 T , but they were present in the strain DSM T C 1 ω11c. Similarly, fatty acids C and iso-C 0 were present in our strain while absent in DSM T. Hence, it clearly supports that the strain SMB1 T is the novel species. Based upon the phenotypic and genotypic analyses, we concluded the strain SMB1 T belongs to the novel species of genus Paenibacilllus and thus we proposed the name Paenibacillus sambharensis sp. nov for this strain sam. sambharensis pertaining to Sambhar Lake. The Paenibacillus genus has been studied widely for producing a diversity of secondary metabolites, including enzymes, exopolysaccharides, and antimicrobial peptides and other industrially important bioactive molecules Polymyxins, which are active against Gram negatives and fusaricidins, the antifungal peptide are the best examples of antibiotic products of the Paenibacillus genus Paenibacillus also produces bacteriocins, for example, P. polymyxa NRRL B produces paenicidin 28 and Paenibacillus sp. strain A3 produces penisin In the present research work, we have identified and characterized an antimicrobial peptide from our strain SMB1 T. The whole genome analysis identified three novel biosynthetic gene clusters in this strain. We presumed that one of these clusters might be responsible for the observed antimicrobial activity. Hence we purified and characterized the antimicrobial compound from the fermentation broth. Bioactivity was also found to be similar when assessed at the similar concentration, in comparison to standard bacitracin A. Though we were not able to obtain the complete biosynthetic cluster for the antimicrobial peptide bacitracin, but we found that the contig of the genome sequence contains the genes encoding for the bacitracin synthesis. Recently, a draft genome sequence of a Paenibacillus polymyxa strain also revealed bacitracin biosynthetic gene cluster This further validates that the strain SMB1 T produces antimicrobial peptide bacitracin A. Bacitracin is a polypeptide known to be produced by Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis Apart from this, we also found novel biosynthetic clusters for the putative bacteriocin i. lassopeptide and thiopeptide. Thiopeptides and lasso peptides are known for their antimicrobial activities In a recent report, Paenibacillus dendritiformis C was reported to produce novel lasso peptide paeninodin Additionally, we also identified one biosynthetic gene cluster for the non-ribosomally synthezized peptide. This suggests that the strain SMB1 T holds the potential as antimicrobial producing species. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing the production and purification of the antimicrobial compound bacitracin A from the genus Paenibacillus. Moreover, the other novel species isolated from salt lake also showed antimicrobial activity and are deposited in a public repository. These strains could be explored in future for the isolation of bioactive compounds. Additionally, the novel biosynthetic gene cluster found in the whole genome of strain SMB1 T could be heterologously expressed and checked for their antimicrobial activity. This approach has been used in several antimicrobial clusters, for example malacidins These BGCs are cryptic gene clusters and alternatively, they may be expressed when placed under strong inducible promoters. As explained in the report by, Zipperer A et al. Overall, this research demonstrates that novel species harbored from extreme niche hold potential to produce antimicrobial compounds. Optimization for salinity, pH, and temperature was done to check the optimum growth parameters. The pH was adjusted to 8. The isolates were screened for their antimicrobial activity using agar well diffusion assay against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC , Bacillus subtilis ATCC Equivalent MTCC , E. coli MTCC and Candida albicans MTCC The sterile medium without inoculation of culture was extracted in the similar way and served as negative control. Positive isolates having inhibitory activity were identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Genomic DNA was extracted using DNA isolation kit Zymo Research, California, D and 16S rRNA gene was amplified. The sequencing was performed with the Genetic Analyzer ABI XL Applied Biosystems, California, USA. Paenibacillus sp. The solvent was evaporated under vacuum Rotary evaporator BUCHI R The crude extract was re-dissolved in Milli-Q. Bioactivity-guided fractionation was performed and the active fractions were pooled. The cation-active fraction was dialyzed using the 0. The flow rate was kept at 3. All peaks were collected and assayed for bioactivity. The active peak was identified and purity was determined by analytical HPLC. Antimicrobial activity of the purified compound was checked against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC The purified compound was subjected to LC-ESI-MS Agilent I funnel QTOF in positive ion mode. For MALDI-TOF analysis, the sample was mixed with α-cyanohydroxycinnamic acid CHCA matrix and mass spectrum was obtained on MALDI-TOF mass spectrometer AB Sciex Bacitracin A was purchased from Alfa Aeser, Thermofisher Scientific, India. Also, the retention time of both compounds was compared in analytical HPLC under the similar conditions. Bacitracin A and isolated compound were dissolved at the same concentration 0. Genomic DNA was isolated from the strain SMB1 T and the whole genome sequencing was performed on Illumina HiSeq sequencing platform using paired end library. De Novo assembly was performed using Spades, MaSuRCa, ABySS, and Velvet. We used ABySS assembly for all further downstream analysis since it had better statistics than all other assemblies generated The functional analysis was performed using Rapid Annotation using Subsystems Technology RAST version 2. BAGEL3 37 and anti-SMASH 38 were used to predict the biosynthetic gene clusters for secondary metabolites and antimicrobial peptides. Default search parameters were used in antiSMASH and BAGEL3 mining. Sequence similarity search of SMB1 T strain indicated that Paenibacillus tarimensis and Paenibacillus lacus were the closest phylogenetic neighbors, with a pair-wise sequence similarity of Thus, the strain SMB1 T was characterized in comparison to its closest type strain Paenibacillus tarimensis DSM T. The phylogenetic tree was constructed using the neighbor-joining method in the MEGA6 software. The shape, size, color, margin, and elevation of the colonies were observed. The cell shape was observed using phase contrast microscopy at X magnification BX51; Olympus, Japan. The cell size was measured using the transmission electron microscopy. The cells were grown in the Zobell Marine broth and the bacterial pellet was washed with PBS pH 7. USA cat — KBHi25 TM Carbohydrate Identification Kit and KB HiMedia Laboratories, India were used for other biochemical tests. Strains SMB1 T and DSM T were grown in Zobell Marine Agar medium until the log phase; the turbidity was adjusted to 0. The change in color was observed and results were recorded. To check the effect of pH the strains were inoculated in ZMA at pH 5. Growth at various NaCl concentrations 0, 0. VITEK ® 2 system was used for the phenotypic fingerprinting of the cultures SMB1 T and DSM T. The cultures were analyzed based on their metabolic activities for the utilization of various nitrogen, carbon, and other nutrient sources. VITEK 2 is the automated system, it contains 64 welled VITEK ® 2 GN cards France having different substrates in each well. The bacterial cell culture diluted in 0. The results were recorded. The susceptibility of strain SMB1 T and the DSM T to different antibiotics was checked using disc diffusion assay as per Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines The strains SMB1 T and DSM T were grown till the logarithmic phase. The samples containing the FAMEs were subjected to GC and the different fatty acids were separated and analyzed with the Sherlock Microbial Identification System MIDI with database TSBA6 For DNA-DNA Hybridisation genomic DNA was isolated for both the strains. The fluorimetry method was used to measure the relative binding ratio of the samples. Step One Plus Real-Time PCR system Applied Biosystems was used with the thermal cycler in well plate as explained by SYBR Green in the ratio was used for the detection of the binding. The florescence readings were recorded and the relative binding percentage was calculated according to the method reported by 45 , This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors. Nordmann, P. Carbapenem resistance in Enterobacteriaceae: here is the storm! Trends in molecular medicine 18 , — Article CAS Google Scholar. Worldwide country situation analysis: response to antimicrobial resistance. Payne, D. Drugs for bad bugs: confronting the challenges of antibacterial discovery. Nature reviews Drug discovery 6 , 29 Chellat, M. Pseudouridimycin: The First Nucleoside Analogue That Selectively Inhibits Bacterial RNA Polymerase. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 56 , — Fisch, K. Toolbox for Antibiotics Discovery from Microorganisms. Archiv der Pharmazie , — Ling, L. et al. A new antibiotic kills pathogens without detectable resistance. Nature , Article ADS CAS Google Scholar. Pantel, L. 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International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology Bacillus alkalilacus sp. Bacillus lacus sp. Lockhart, I. The amino acid sequence in bacitracin A. Always follow the label directions. The "Directions for Use" are specific, and the product may not work if you don't follow them. Never mix different antimicrobial products. Most antimicrobial products take time to work. Read the label to find out how long the product must remain in contact with the surface in order to sanitize, disinfect or sterilize it. Some products can be harmful when touched or inhaled. References: What are Antimicrobial Pesticides? S Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs, U. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, Pesticide Registration and Classification Procedures, Protection of the Environment; Code of Federal Regulations, Part , Title 40, Anthrax Spore Decontamination Using Bleach Sodium hypochlorite ; U. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs. Label Review Manual - Chapter 2: What is a Pesticide? Antimicrobial Pesticide Products ; U. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, accessed Dec updated Dec Antimicrobial Products Registered for Use Against the H1N1 Flu and Other Influenza A Viruses on Hard Surfaces ; U. Selected EPA-registered Disinfectants ; U. Gilbert, P. Potential Impacts of Increased Use of Biocides in Consumer Products on Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance. Clinical Microbiology Reviews , 16, 2, Rutala, W. Guideline for Disinfection and Sterilization in Health Care Facilities, Center for Disease Control, Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee HICPAC. pdf accessed Dec , updated Dec Sanitizer Test for Inanimate Surfaces ; U. NPIC fact sheets are designed to answer questions that are commonly asked by the general public about pesticides that are regulated by the U. Environmental Protection Agency U. This document is intended to be educational in nature and helpful to consumers for making decisions about pesticide use. Please read our disclaimer Contact us About NPIC En español. NPIC provides objective, science-based information about pesticides and pesticide-related topics to enable people to make informed decisions. NPIC is a cooperative agreement between Oregon State University and the U. Environmental Protection Agency cooperative agreement X The information in this publication does not in any way replace or supersede the restrictions, precautions, directions, or other information on the pesticide label or any other regulatory requirements, nor does it necessarily reflect the position of the U. Related Topics: PDF Version Antimicrobials Using Disinfectants to Control the COVID Virus. Learn about a pest Identify a pest Control a pest Integrated Pest Management. Herbicides Disinfectants Fungicides Insecticides Natural and Biological Pesticides Repellents Rodenticides Other types of pesticides. Antimicrobials Topic Fact Sheet. What are antimicrobials? EPA Regulated by the U. FDA Bleach is a common name for products that contain sodium hypochlorite. Bleach as a pesticide Bleach as a cleaner As a pesticide, bleach is used to disinfect surfaces. The label will include specific directions about how to use the product effectively. |
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