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Thus, in addition to approaches to prevent further weight gain, there is also a need to implement effective strategies for weight loss. Physical activity has been shown to be an important lifestyle behavior for both weight loss and prevention of weight gain following successful weight loss. Recent clinical guidelines for the treatment of overweight and obesity recommend a comprehensive approach that includes behavior modification strategies that focus on facilitating dietary changes that result in reduced calorie intake and increased physical activity 2.
This is supported by consistent evidence that the combination of physical activity with dietary modification results in greater weight loss than what is achieved with dietary modification alone. A systematic review by Washburn et al.
On the basis of this systematic review, it was concluded that physical activity combined with dietary modification resulted in greater weight loss than dietary modification alone median weight loss of 8.
There is also evidence that this magnitude of difference between physical activity combined with dietary modification compared to dietary modification alone is present with even shorter intervention periods that range from 12—24 weeks in duration 25 However, changes in total MVPA or changes in sedentary behavior were not associated with magnitude of weight loss at 6 months.
These results provide insight into the potential pattern and intensity of physical activity that should be targeted within comprehensive weight loss interventions that also include behavior and diet modification strategies. There is evidence that lifestyle interventions can be effective for inducing weight loss in adults with severe obesity and that physical activity added to dietary modification further enhances the magnitude of weight loss achieved.
Thus, the addition of MVPA to dietary modification resulted in an additional 2. While physical activity can add to the weight loss that is attained through dietary modification alone, it also appears that the effectiveness of physical activity in contributing to additional weight loss is dependent on the degree of dietary modification that is undertaken and the magnitude of caloric intake.
A review of the literature conducted by Donnelly et al. However, there are improvements in cardiorespiratory and musculoskeletal fitness in response to either endurance or resistance training, respectively, even when coupled with severe dietary restriction While a comprehensive approach that includes behavior modification strategies, dietary modification, and physical activity is recommended as the most effective lifestyle intervention for inducing weight loss 2not all interventions include all of these aspects.
Specifically, some individuals elect to enhance physical activity as their primary modality for inducing weight loss. However, there is also evidence from the Midwest Exercise Trial 34 and the STRIDDE Study 35 that there is a dose—response relationship between physical activity and weight loss.
This is consistent with the literature review conducted by Donnelly et al. for the American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand, which also concluded that a greater dose of physical activity results in greater weight loss When studies have compared dietary modification to physical activity and the same energy deficit was achieved with both approaches, the magnitude of weight loss achieved has been shown to be comparable Moreover, even in the absence of weight loss, physical activity has been shown to reduce abdominal adiposity 37which is of importance because abdominal adiposity has been shown to be associated with cardiometabolic risk independent of body weight While behavioral interventions that focus on dietary modification combined with physical activity have been shown to be effective for weight loss, physical activity may be particularly important for enhanced long-term weight loss and prevention of weight regain.
Moreover, it appears that physical activity between and min per week that is at least of moderate intensity may be necessary to enhance long-term weight loss and minimize weight regain following weight loss Evidence for this magnitude of MVPA to enhance long-term weight loss and to minimize weight regain following weight loss is supported by a variety of studies.
These include the National Weight Control Registry 39 — 41studies that have used prospective designs 42secondary analyses from several clinical trials 43 — 49and findings from randomized trials An important development in recent years has been the inclusion of objective physical activity measurement, rather than relying on self-report, when examining the relationship between physical activity and long-term weight loss.
This has allowed for data to be examined by patterns of physical activity and a broader spectrum of physical activity intensity light and MVPA when examining these relationships. For example, Jakicic et al. This study also demonstrated that light-intensity physical activity 1. These findings provide important insights regarding how physical activity should be accumulated and the intensity of physical activity that may be most promising for enhancing long-term weight loss and weight loss maintenance.
Data from Jakicic et al. In recent years there has been an increased focus on sedentary behavior as a key lifestyle factor that is associated with negative health outcomes, and there is some evidence that this may be independent of physical activity engagement This has resulted in some studies examining whether targeting sedentary behavior, rather than or in addition to physical activity, should be a focus of weight management efforts.
Data from prospective studies have shown mixed results regarding whether sedentary behavior is associated with weight gain in adults, with some studies reporting that sedentary behavior was associated with weight gain and others not showing an association.
Healy et al. This may be because there is only a modest increase in energy expenditure when one transitions from sitting to standing 53 Moreover, change in objectively measured sedentary behavior has not been shown to be predictive of weight loss within the context of a comprehensive behavioral weight loss intervention Thus, while it may be appropriate to encourage a reduction in sedentary behavior to enhance a variety of health-related outcomes, for the purpose of prevention of weight gain or to enhance weight loss, solely targeting sedentary behavior without also increasing engagement in physical activity may not be sufficient.
There are various potential pathways by which physical activity may influence energy balance the balance between energy intake and energy expenditure and therefore impact body weight regulation. One common pathway is the increase in total energy expenditure that may accompany an increase in physical activity that elicits an energy deficit and subsequently impacts body weight regulation.
However, as described in a review by Blundell et al. These other factors may include signaling pathways that influence energy intake, with some signals stimulating an increase in energy intake and others stimulating a decrease in energy intake. In addition, physical activity can stimulate responses in both adipose tissue and muscle tissue that also may influence overall energy balance and therefore body weight regulation.
It is possible that the influence physical activity has on the components of energy balance may vary between individuals, thus accounting for the variability in weight loss that is observed between individuals.
For example, in response to an acute bout of exercise, it has been shown that for some individuals physical activity results in an increase in postexercise energy intake and for others physical activity results in a decrease in postexercise energy intake 56and a similar pattern has been reported by others This variability in energy intake response to exercise may partially explain why for some individuals the same dose of physical activity results in weight loss and for others it results in weight gain It is also possible that an increase in physical activity may result in alterations in other components of nonexercise energy expenditure that can limit the impact physical activity has on body weight regulation.
However, a systematic review conducted by Washburn et al. However, this review also acknowledged the need for studies specifically designed to address this research question, which also include adequate samples sizes and state-of-the-art assessment to quantify physical activity, sedentary behavior, and energy expenditure.
Seminal research in identical twins conducted by Bouchard et al. These findings suggest that there may be biological and genetic factors that influence the variability of physical activity on body weight regulation. There is also evidence from a cohort of twin pairs of a potential genetic influence on physical activity traits This has resulted in Rankinen 62 suggesting that physical activity traits may be influenced by genetic factors, and this requires additional investigation to confirm the presence of this phenotype with regard to physical activity engagement.
In addition to the benefits on weight loss and prevention of weight gain, physical activity of sufficient dose and intensity will improve cardiorespiratory fitness in adults who are overweight or obese The improvements in fitness usually occur in a dose—response manner, with greater improvements observed as volume and intensity of physical activity increase 63 The improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness has been shown to be associated with a variety of health-related benefits that include reduced mortality, which may occur independent of the level of BMI 65 — 68 or body fatness 69 Moreover, cardiorespiratory fitness may also be associated with improvements in a variety of cardiometabolic risk factors, such as blood pressure 7172 and glycemic control 72 These findings suggest that physical activity, partially through its impact on cardiorespiratory fitness, may have important health implications beyond the management of body weight in adults who are overweight or obese.
Recent metaanalyses and systematic reviews have supported this position 7475which may suggest that interventions should focus on enhancing physical activity behavior rather than on weight loss. Thus, this may indicate the need for additional research specifically targeting whether there are health-related conditions for which excess body weight may have a protective effect, and these studies should consider the influence that physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness may have on these relationships.
As presented here, physical activity appears to be an important lifestyle behavior for the prevention of weight gain, weight loss, and prevention of weight regain.
The vast majority of the evidence to support this finding is based on physical activity that is best characterized as ambulatory movement that may contain components of endurance or aerobic forms of exercise.
: Obesity and exercise| The role of physical activity and exercise on obesity | An with Obesity and exercise underlying conditions, chronic pain, or disabilities should speak Obseity a Healthy bowel movement before starting Obesity and exercise. Oxford Andd Healthy bowel movement is a department of the University of Oxford. Obdsity is also evidence from a cohort of twin pairs of a xnd genetic influence on physical activity Obseity This is supported by consistent evidence that the combination of physical activity with dietary modification results in greater weight loss than what is achieved with dietary modification alone. About Oxford Academic Publish journals with us University press partners What we publish New features. Get help with access Accessibility Contact us Advertising Media enquiries. Physical activity can involve parking farther from the store, taking the stairs instead of the elevator, or breaking up an hour walk in 10 minute increments over a six-hour period; all are suitable means of obtaining daily physical activity. |
| Physical Activity | Treating obesity is not just about losing weight. Physical activity refers to all movement and includes popular activities such as walking, cycling, play, sports and dance. To address physical inactivity levels the WHO published guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour , which provides global recommendations on the amount of physical activity required for different age and population groups. Most age groups are advised to do at least minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity throughout the week to help maintain healthy body weight. All of this jeopardises the risk of seeing levels of physical activity decline even further. In contrast, regular physical activity leads to a reduction in blood pressure and a decrease in the risk of developing hypertension, type 2 diabetes, stroke and heart attacks. Research also shows that regular physical activity can significantly reduce the risk of developing dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Mental health can also be improved due to the release of feel-good hormones endorphins. While the impact of physical activity on weight loss is minimal, exercise incontestably confers significant mental and physical health benefits, and can contribute to weight maintenance, depending on the levels and type of activity an individual engages in. While the pandemic has undoubtedly had an adverse impact on physical activity levels it also presents an opportunity for the global community to make a change and prioritise health and wellbeing. In order to encourage an increase in global physical activity levels, policies need to be developed that enable everyone to engage in regular exercise, including through professional, school, home and community settings. Cross-sector and multi-stakeholder collaboration will be required for a range of initiatives including, building walking and cycling infrastructure, increasing and improving access to public spaces, and promoting active transport. It is also essential that children are provided with education that enables them to develop physically active lives, to help prevent them developing overweight or obesity and to reduce their risk of developing other non-communicable diseases. We will be launching a new policy dossier and webinar on physical activity and obesity on Thursday 8 th March. We offer the only internationally recognised course on obesity management. Read more here. We offer various statistics, maps and key data around the topic of obesity. You can find all that and more here. We have developed five key areas of policy that are a priority to us. How much physical activity do I need? What do moderate- and vigorous-intensity mean? How many calories are used in typical activities? Want to learn more? Connect with Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity. Last Reviewed: April 26, Source: Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity , National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Syndicate. home Healthy Weight, Nutrition, and Physical Activity. To receive email updates about this topic, enter your email address. Email Address. What's this? Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity. Related Topics. Prevent Type 2 Diabetes Prevent Heart Disease Healthy Schools — Promoting Healthy Behaviors Obesity Among People with Disabilities. Links with this icon indicate that you are leaving the CDC website. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link. CDC is not responsible for Section compliance accessibility on other federal or private website. For more information on CDC's web notification policies, see Website Disclaimers. Cancel Continue. Source: Adapted from Dietary Guidelines for Americans , page 16, Table 4 [PDF |
| Register for our Physical Activity webinar | But the most variable factor-and the most easily modified-is the amount of activity people get each day. Keeping active can help people stay at a healthy weight or lose weight. It can also lower the risk of heart disease, diabetes, stroke, high blood pressure, osteoporosis, and certain cancers, as well as reduce stress and boost mood. Inactive sedentary lifestyles do just the opposite. Despite all the health benefits of physical activity, people worldwide are doing less of it-at work, at home, and as they travel from place to place. Globally, about one in three people gets little, if any, physical activity. The World Health Organization, the U. of Health and Human Services, and other authorities recommend that for good health, adults should get the equivalent of two and a half hours of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity each week. This article defines physical activity and explains how it is measured, reviews physical activity trends, and discusses the role of physical activity in weight control. Though people often use physical activity and exercise interchangeably, the terms have different definitions. Experts measure the intensity of physical activity in metabolic equivalents or METs. One MET is defined as the calories burned while an individual sits quietly for one minute. For the average adult, this is about one calorie per every 2. Moderate-intensity physical activity is defined as activities that are strenuous enough to burn three to six times as much energy per minute as an individual would burn when sitting quietly, or 3 to 6 METs. Vigorous-intensity activities burn more than 6 METs. This method is not entirely reliable: Studies that measure physical activity more objectively, using special motion sensors called accelerometers , suggest that people tend to overestimate their own levels of activity. Worldwide, people are less active today than they were decades ago. While studies find that sports and leisure activity levels have remained stable or increased slightly, 7 — 10 these leisure activities represent only a small part of daily physical activity. Physical activity associated with work, home, and transportation has declined due to economic growth, technological advancements, and social changes. The flip side of this decrease in physical activity is an increase in sedentary activities-watching television, playing video games, and using the computer. Weight gain during adulthood can increase the risk of heart disease, diabetes, and other chronic conditions. The latest evidence suggests that the recommended two and a half hours a week may not be enough. Researchers found that women in the normal weight range at the start needed the equivalent of an hour a day of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity to maintain a steady weight. Vigorous activities seem to be more effective for weight control than slow walking. Although women gained, on average, about 20 pounds over the course of the study, those who increased their physical activity by 30 minutes per day gained less weight than women whose activity levels stayed steady. And the type of activity made a difference: Bicycling and brisk walking helped women avoid weight gain, but slow walking did not. Exercise can help promote weight loss, but it seems to work best when combined with a lower calorie eating plan. All study volunteers were asked to stick to their usual diets. After six months, those assigned to the high-intensity regimen lost abdominal fat, whereas those assigned to the low- and medium-intensity exercise regimens had no change in abdominal fat. More recently, researchers conducted a similar trial with post-menopausal women, randomly assigning them to either 45 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous aerobic activity, five days a week, or to a control group. Most of the women were overweight or obese at the start of the study. After one year, the exercisers had significant decreases in body weight, body fat, and abdominal fat, compared to the non-exercisers. Researchers believe that physical activity prevents obesity in multiple ways: Being moderately active for at least 30 minutes a day on most days of the week can help lower the risk of chronic disease. But to stay at a healthy weight, or to lose weight, most people will need more physical activity-at least an hour a day-to counteract the effects of increasingly sedentary lifestyles, as well as the strong societal influences that encourage overeating. People are less likely to be active if they live in sprawling suburbs designed for driving or in neighborhoods without recreation opportunities. World Health Organization. Notes for the media: New physical activity guidance can help reduce risk of breast, colon cancers ; Accessed January 28, Global recommendations on physical activity for health ; Accessed January 30, of Health and Human Services. Haskell WL, Lee IM, Pate RR, et al. Physical activity and public health: updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Caspersen CJ, Powell KE, Christenson GM. Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public Health Rep. Troiano RP, Berrigan D, Dodd KW, Masse LC, Tilert T, McDowell M. Physical activity in the United States measured by accelerometer. Med Sci Sports Exerc. Juneau CE, Potvin L. Trends in leisure-, transport-, and work-related physical activity in Canada Prev Med. Brownson RC, Boehmer TK, Luke DA. Declining rates of physical activity in the United States: what are the contributors? Annu Rev Public Health. Petersen CB, Thygesen LC, Helge JW, Gronbaek M, Tolstrup JS. Time trends in physical activity in leisure time in the Danish population from to Scand J Public Health. Ng SW, Norton EC, Popkin BM. Why have physical activity levels declined among Chinese adults? Findings from the China Health and Nutrition Surveys. Soc Sci Med. Stamatakis E, Ekelund U, Wareham NJ. Temporal trends in physical activity in England: the Health Survey for England to McDonald NC. Regular physical activity provides immediate and long-term health benefits. Being physically active can improve your brain health, reduce the risk of disease, strengthen bones and muscles, and improve your ability to do everyday activities. In addition, physical activity is important if you are trying to lose weight or maintain a healthy weight. To maintain your weight: Work your way up to minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity each week. This could be brisk walking 30 minutes a day, 5 days a week. Or you could do 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic activity each week, such as swimming laps. The exact amount of physical activity needed to maintain a healthy weight varies greatly from person to person. You may need more than the equivalent of minutes of moderate-intensity activity a week to maintain your weight. To lose weight and keep it off: You will need a high amount of physical activity unless you also adjust your diet to reduce the number of calories you eat and drink. Getting to and staying at a healthy weight requires both regular physical activity and a healthy eating plan. Examples include:. The following table shows calories used in common physical activities at both moderate and vigorous levels. To help estimate the intensity of your physical activity, see Physical Activity for Everyone: Measuring Physical Activity Intensity. Lace up those sneakers and find some motivating ideas. For general Physical Activity information, see Physical Activity for Everyone. Skip directly to site content Skip directly to search. Español Other Languages. Physical Activity for a Healthy Weight. Español Spanish. Minus Related Pages. Why is physical activity important? On This Page. |
| Physical Activity for a Healthy Weight | Physical Activity in Obesity Management Nicole Pearce T Physical Activity in Obesity Management. DOWNLOAD FULL CHAPTER PDF. Key messages for healthcare providers. Regular physical activity induces a wide range of health benefits in adults across all BMI categories, even in the absence of weight loss. Most age groups are advised to do at least minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity throughout the week to help maintain healthy body weight. All of this jeopardises the risk of seeing levels of physical activity decline even further. In contrast, regular physical activity leads to a reduction in blood pressure and a decrease in the risk of developing hypertension, type 2 diabetes, stroke and heart attacks. Research also shows that regular physical activity can significantly reduce the risk of developing dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Mental health can also be improved due to the release of feel-good hormones endorphins. While the impact of physical activity on weight loss is minimal, exercise incontestably confers significant mental and physical health benefits, and can contribute to weight maintenance, depending on the levels and type of activity an individual engages in. While the pandemic has undoubtedly had an adverse impact on physical activity levels it also presents an opportunity for the global community to make a change and prioritise health and wellbeing. In order to encourage an increase in global physical activity levels, policies need to be developed that enable everyone to engage in regular exercise, including through professional, school, home and community settings. Cross-sector and multi-stakeholder collaboration will be required for a range of initiatives including, building walking and cycling infrastructure, increasing and improving access to public spaces, and promoting active transport. It is also essential that children are provided with education that enables them to develop physically active lives, to help prevent them developing overweight or obesity and to reduce their risk of developing other non-communicable diseases. We will be launching a new policy dossier and webinar on physical activity and obesity on Thursday 8 th March. We offer the only internationally recognised course on obesity management. Read more here. Obesity specialists often exchange the term exercise for physical activity. Exercise is associated with a negative connotation of arduous, unobtainable, and unenjoyable labor. This creates a mental barrier for many people. Physical activity is more acceptable and conveys simply moving. Physical activity can involve parking farther from the store, taking the stairs instead of the elevator, or breaking up an hour walk in 10 minute increments over a six-hour period; all are suitable means of obtaining daily physical activity. The adult recommendation for physical activity is one hour a day, most days of the week, and this can be easily obtained by walking one hour a day. This is easy, safe, and can be very enjoyable. To add, walking is effective for both the weight loss and maintenance stages of weight management. As more calories are burned, the body will compensate for the loss in fat by increasing hunger signals and reducing satiety. This leads to overeating, large portions, and ingestion of comfort foods. The end result is eating back calories lost from physical activity. During the weight loss process it is tempting to cut calories too low, and this causes key nutrients to be lost as well. Although the scale may go down quicker in the beginning, it is deceiving; the weight loss is typically only water and muscle weight and not fat. Severe caloric restriction not only results in muscle loss but reduces metabolism, making it harder to lose additional weight weight loss plateau and easier to gain subsequent weight. This cycle also leads to even more food cravings! When increasing physical activity, always start with a well-balanced and proper diet. Eat adequate protein and healthy fats to reduce food cravings and help with satiety. In addition, be sure that the feelings or thoughts of hunger and craving are legitimate. |
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These findings support that there are numerous approaches to enhancing engagement in physical activity within the context of weight control interventions. This provides a variety of options to healthcare providers and health-fitness professionals to engage adults who are overweight or obese in physical activity, which is a key lifestyle behavior to enhance weight control and to improve a variety of additional health-related outcomes.
The preponderance of scientific evidence supports physical activity as an important lifestyle behavior for the management of body weight. This includes prevention of weight gain, weight loss, and minimizing weight regain following weight loss. The evidence also supports that physical activity may need to be moderate-to-vigorous in intensity and at a dose of at least min per week to influence body weight regulation.
Moreover, there is strong evidence that the dose of MVPA necessary to enhance long-term weight loss and to minimize weight regain is of the magnitude of — min per week. Thus, it is important to consider strategies that may enhance engagement in physical activity in adults who are overweight or obese.
One approach that may be effective is to encourage the accumulation of MVPA throughout the day by increasing steps of ambulatory movement rather than focusing solely on structured periods of more traditional forms of exercise.
However, it is also important to acknowledge that physical activity alone will have modest effects on body weight, and therefore it is most effective to couple physical activity with dietary modification to regulate body weight.
Conversely, dietary modification in the absence of physical activity will be less effective for both short- and long-term weight control, suggesting that a comprehensive approach that involves both of these key lifestyle components is important to optimize the regulation of body weight.
There is also evidence that even in the presence of excess body weight or the lack of weight loss, physical activity may have independent associations with numerous health benefits and therefore should be encourage regardless of body weight or body size.
Author Contributions: All authors confirmed they have contributed to the intellectual content of this paper and have met the following 3 requirements: a significant contributions to the conception and design, acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data; b drafting or revising the article for intellectual content; and c final approval of the published article.
Authors' Disclosures or Potential Conflicts of Interest: Upon manuscript submission, all authors completed the author disclosure form. Consultant or Advisory Role: J. Jakicic, Weight Watchers International. National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, with chartbook on long-term trends in healthy.
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Diabetes Care ; 36 : — Now, a recent review that features in the journal iScience looks at how to reduce the risk of obesity-related health conditions and mortality. It compares the effectiveness of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness with that of weight loss.
The evidence that the review presents suggests that the fat-but-fit approach may be at least as effective as weight loss in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality due to obesity. Furthermore, this fitness-focused strategy avoids the pitfalls of the weight loss approach.
Some of the aforementioned studies suggest that individuals with a BMI in the overweight range may have a lower mortality risk than individuals with a weight within the healthy range — a BMI between While some studies show that intentional weight loss through calorie restriction and physical exercise can reduce mortality risk, others show a lack of association between weight loss and mortality risk.
Advice for weight loss generally involves restricting calorie intake alongside increasing physical activity levels. Thus, in studies reporting a reduction in mortality risk associated with weight loss, an increase in physical activity may account for this finding rather than weight loss itself.
The authors of the new study also note that sustaining weight loss over a prolonged period is often challenging. As more individuals attempt to lose weight by reducing calorie intake, there has also been an increase in the prevalence of weight cycling.
Three recent meta-analyses suggest that weight cycling is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease-related and all-cause mortality. Glenn Gaesser , a professor at Arizona State University, whether unhealthy practices such as extreme calorie restriction could explain the limited benefits of weight loss in individuals with obesity.
Gaesser said:. We contend that it is entirely plausible that [many] of the health risks associated with obesity are due to the adverse effects of weight cycling. Weight cycling is associated with increased mortality risk, and weight cycling is more prevalent among persons with obesity. In contrast to weight loss, there is more consistent evidence suggesting that cardiorespiratory fitness can greatly attenuate or even eliminate the mortality risks associated with high BMI.
For example, a meta-analysis showed that cardiorespiratory fitness could significantly reduce all-cause and cardiovascular disease-related mortality risk associated with high BMI.
Furthermore, fit individuals with excess body weight had a lower risk of all-cause mortality than unfit individuals with a weight in the healthy range. Similarly, physical activity can lower all-cause and cardiovascular disease-related mortality risk associated with high BMI.
However, the impact of physical activity on mortality risk is less pronounced than that of cardiorespiratory fitness. Follow-up studies also show that increasing physical activity levels and improving cardiorespiratory fitness can reduce mortality risk associated with BMI in the long term. Moreover, improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness and physical activity tend to produce a larger reduction in mortality risk than weight loss.
Notably, a number of these studies show that these effects of physical activity and improved cardiorespiratory fitness accompanied either modest or no weight loss. This indicates that it is not possible to attribute the reduced all-cause and cardiovascular disease-related mortality risk associated with improved fitness to weight loss.
Physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness can also result in improvements in markers for obesity-related conditions, including cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes.
These improvements in cardiometabolic markers are comparable to those that weight loss produces. For example, the authors behind the current study note, both resistance training and aerobic exercise produce a decrease in blood pressure, with the extent of decline being similar to that resulting from weight loss.
Exercise training also improves blood glucose control, blood cholesterol levels, and vascular function to a similar extent as weight loss. These effects of exercise training on the aforementioned cardiometabolic markers were independent of weight loss.
Exercise training is also effective in reducing the amount of fat that the body stores in the liver and visceral adipose tissue. Visceral adipose tissue is the fat that surrounds internal organs, especially in the abdomen.
The fat stores in the liver and visceral adipose tissue are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. While the decline in both fat stores tends to correlate with the extent of weight loss, a clinically relevant reduction in the fat stores in the liver and visceral adipose tissue can occur with exercise training, even in the absence of weight loss.
The authors note that while severe calorie restriction is more effective than exercise training in reducing these fat stores, calorie restriction over long periods is generally not sustainable.
Exercise training can also improve the response of fat tissue to insulin, with reduced insulin sensitivity of fat tissue occurring in obesity and type 2 diabetes. The authors recommend a weight-neutral approach that primarily focuses on improving cardiorespiratory fitness and increasing physical activity for obesity management.
The authors clarify that while healthcare professionals should not discourage weight loss, it should not be the primary focus of obesity management. This approach ignores the major improvements in mortality and disease risk associated with increased physical activity and improved fitness in the absence of weight loss.
In fact, as our review shows, improving fitness by increasing physical activity is associated with greater reductions in mortality risk compared to weight loss. We would like to see current physical activity guidelines be an important focus of obesity treatment programs, with cardiorespiratory fitness assessed and monitored over time to document improvements in fitness.
MNT spoke with Dr. Jennifer Kuk , an associate professor at York University, Canada, about the challenges in understanding the precise role of fitness in obesity-related health conditions. This is expensive [and] time- and labor-intensive for both the researcher and participant.
Physical activity and fitness do not always track, as there is a genetic component that will dictate your ability to increase your fitness with activity. Further, there may be recall errors in self-report issues, which would make it more difficult to see the true relationship between activity and health.
Kuk noted that it is possible to categorize only a small number of individuals as fat but fit, making it difficult to study the relationship between fitness and obesity-related health conditions.
There are also challenges associated with the lack of standardized criteria for adjudicating whether an individual with a specific BMI value and fitness test score VO 2 max is fit or unfit. Is your fitness or activity level reflective of your health or the reverse i.
you get sick because you are less active and fit? There is widespread agreement about the importance of improving fitness levels for the management of obesity, as advocated by the fat-but-fit approach.
However, there are concerns among the scientific and medical community about the degree of emphasis on weight loss and other factors associated with obesity. One of the ways in which physical activity influences cardiometabolic health is by improving body composition, i.
and other places, is not a direct measure of body composition […]. Of course, physical activity also improves cardiovascular fitness, which is also risk-reducing.
Athlete bone health programs results from energy imbalance: too many calories in, too few Healthy bowel movement Obeaity. But Healthy bowel movement most variable factor-and the most easily modified-is the amount of activity people Healthy bowel movement each day. Exerciae active can help eercise stay at a healthy weight or lose weight. It can also lower the risk of heart disease, diabetes, stroke, high blood pressure, osteoporosis, and certain cancers, as well as reduce stress and boost mood. Inactive sedentary lifestyles do just the opposite. Despite all the health benefits of physical activity, people worldwide are doing less of it-at work, at home, and as they travel from place to place.
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