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Introduction	NADH peroxidase activity Antioxidat rubrerythrin. Rights and permissions Cholesterol level guidelines Access Antioxixant article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4. Close banner Close. Coenzyme Q and exercise performance, Antioxxidant incubation Antioxidant defense strategies for bacterial cell extracts was 2. Simple organic compounds like lactate, pyruvate, and malate can serve as this carbon source for Desulfovibrio and Desulfomicrobium species 1820 ; these are subsequently oxidized to acetate with the concurrent reduction of sulfate to sulfide 121 Animal and human feces typically include intestinal sulfate-reducing bacteria SRB. Hoskins, D.
Reactive Oxygen Species	Synthetic antioxidants mimic biological strategies. Abstract Cellular protection against the deleterious effects of reactive oxidants generated in aerobic metabolism, called oxidative stress, is organized at multiple levels. Publication types Research Support, Non-U. Gov't Review. Substances Antioxidants Free Radicals Oxidants Reactive Oxygen Species Nitric Oxide Synthase Amino Acid Oxidoreductases NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases NADPH Oxidases. Centre for Biomembranes and Lipid Enzymology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands. Reprints and permissions. Sies, H. Strategies of Antioxidant Defense: Relations to Oxidative Stress. In: Packer, L. eds Signalling Mechanisms — from Transcription Factors to Oxidative Stress. NATO ASI Series, vol Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Publisher Name : Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Print ISBN : Online ISBN : eBook Packages : Springer Book Archive. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Policies and ethics. Skip to main content. Summary Oxidants and antioxidants have attracted widespread interest in diverse scientific disciplines, ranging from free radical chemistry to biochemistry, nutrition research, biology and medicine. Keywords Oxidative Stress NADPH Oxidase Singlet Oxygen Peroxyl Radical Quinone Reductase These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. Buying options Chapter EUR eBook EUR Softcover Book EUR Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout Purchases are for personal use only Learn about institutional subscriptions. Preview Unable to display preview. Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar Ames, BN Science , — Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar Czapski, G Isr. Article CAS Google Scholar Hall, EO, Yonkers, PA, McCall, JM, Braughler, JM J. Google Scholar Halliwell, B Free Radical Biol. Article CAS Google Scholar Harris, ED FASEB J. PubMed CAS Google Scholar Kahl, R In Oxidative Stress: Oxidants and Antioxidants, Sies, H, ed. PubMed CAS Google Scholar Krinsky, NI Free Radical Biol. Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar Mannervik, B Adv. Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar Nathan, C FASEB J. PubMed CAS Google Scholar Niki, E Chem. Lipids 44, — Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar Pryor, WA Annu. Google Scholar Segal, AW J. Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar Sies, H Angew. Article Google Scholar Sies, H In: Oxidative Stress: Oxidants and Antioxidants Sies, H, ed. Google Scholar Sies, H a Eur. Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar Sies, H b Free Radicals Biol. Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar Smith, LL Free Radical Biol. Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar Tappe1, AL Vitam. Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar Weglicki, WB, Mak, IT Mol. Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar Download references. Author information Authors and Affiliations Institut für Physiologische Chemie I, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Postfach , D, Düsseldorf, Germany Helmut Sies Authors Helmut Sies View author publications. Editor information Editors and Affiliations Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Life Science Addition, , Berkeley, CA, USA Lester Packer Centre for Biomembranes and Lipid Enzymology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands Karel W. Rights and permissions Reprints and permissions. Copyright information © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. About this paper Cite this paper Sies, H. Copy to clipboard. Publish with us Policies and ethics. search Search by keyword or author Search.
Buying options	superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidases, or catalase, or a weakening of nonenzymatic defense, notably the loss of micronutrients such as vitamins C, E, carotenoids and selenium. An interesting aspect resides in the modulation of gene expression by oxidative stress. In consequence, this leads to new therapeutic concepts of employing compounds active as antioxidants. One example is the GSH peroxidase mimic, ebselen, a selenoorganic compound. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution. Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF. Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar. Biochenu , 16— Article CAS Google Scholar. Acta , — Google Scholar. PubMed CAS Google Scholar. USA 84, — pp —, A. Liss, New York. CAS Google Scholar. USA 89, — Hall, EO, Yonkers, PA, McCall, JM, Braughler, JM J. Clarendon Press, Oxford. Halliwell, B Free Radical Biol. Kahl, R In Oxidative Stress: Oxidants and Antioxidants, Sies, H, ed. pp —, Academic Press, London. USA 86, 99— Krinsky, NI Free Radical Biol. Hoppe-Seyler , — Article PubMed Google Scholar. USA 88, — Article Google Scholar. Pryor, WA Annu. Segal, AW J. Sies, H Angew. Sies, H In: Oxidative Stress: Oxidants and Antioxidants Sies, H, ed. Publisher Name : Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Print ISBN : Online ISBN : eBook Packages : Springer Book Archive. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Policies and ethics. Skip to main content. Summary Oxidants and antioxidants have attracted widespread interest in diverse scientific disciplines, ranging from free radical chemistry to biochemistry, nutrition research, biology and medicine. Keywords Oxidative Stress NADPH Oxidase Singlet Oxygen Peroxyl Radical Quinone Reductase These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. Buying options Chapter EUR eBook EUR Softcover Book EUR Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout Purchases are for personal use only Learn about institutional subscriptions. Preview Unable to display preview. CrossRef PubMed CAS Google Scholar Ames, BN Science , — CrossRef PubMed CAS Google Scholar Czapski, G Isr. CrossRef CAS Google Scholar Hall, EO, Yonkers, PA, McCall, JM, Braughler, JM J. Google Scholar Halliwell, B Free Radical Biol. CrossRef CAS Google Scholar Harris, ED FASEB J. PubMed CAS Google Scholar Kahl, R In Oxidative Stress: Oxidants and Antioxidants, Sies, H, ed. PubMed CAS Google Scholar Krinsky, NI Free Radical Biol. CrossRef PubMed CAS Google Scholar Mannervik, B Adv. CrossRef PubMed CAS Google Scholar Nathan, C FASEB J. PubMed CAS Google Scholar Niki, E Chem. Lipids 44, — CrossRef PubMed CAS Google Scholar Pryor, WA Annu. Google Scholar Segal, AW J. CrossRef PubMed CAS Google Scholar Sies, H Angew. CrossRef Google Scholar Sies, H In: Oxidative Stress: Oxidants and Antioxidants Sies, H, ed. Google Scholar Sies, H a Eur. CrossRef PubMed CAS Google Scholar Sies, H b Free Radicals Biol. CrossRef PubMed CAS Google Scholar Smith, LL Free Radical Biol. CrossRef PubMed CAS Google Scholar Tappe1, AL Vitam. Evolution of antioxidant defences must have been closely associated with the evolution of photosynthesis and of O2-dependent electron transport mechanisms. Studies with mice lacking antioxidant defences confirm the important roles of MnSOD and transferrin in maintaining health, but show that glutathione peroxidase GPX and CuZnSOD are not essential for everyday life at least in mice. Superoxide can be cytotoxic by several mechanisms: one is the formation of hydroxyl radicals.

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Reprints and permissions. Sies, H. Strategies of Antioxidant Defense: Relations to Oxidative Stress. In: Packer, L.

eds Signalling Mechanisms — from Transcription Factors to Oxidative Stress. NATO ASI Series, vol Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Publisher Name : Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

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Skip to main content. Summary Oxidants and antioxidants have attracted widespread interest in diverse scientific disciplines, ranging from free radical chemistry to biochemistry, nutrition research, biology and medicine.

Keywords Oxidative Stress NADPH Oxidase Singlet Oxygen Peroxyl Radical Quinone Reductase These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors.

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Preview Unable to display preview. CrossRef PubMed CAS Google Scholar Ames, BN Science , — CrossRef PubMed CAS Google Scholar Czapski, G Isr.

CrossRef CAS Google Scholar Hall, EO, Yonkers, PA, McCall, JM, Braughler, JM J. Google Scholar Halliwell, B Free Radical Biol. CrossRef CAS Google Scholar Harris, ED FASEB J. PubMed CAS Google Scholar Kahl, R In Oxidative Stress: Oxidants and Antioxidants, Sies, H, ed.

PubMed CAS Google Scholar Krinsky, NI Free Radical Biol. CrossRef PubMed CAS Google Scholar Mannervik, B Adv. CrossRef PubMed CAS Google Scholar Nathan, C FASEB J. PubMed CAS Google Scholar Niki, E Chem. Lipids 44, — CrossRef PubMed CAS Google Scholar Pryor, WA Annu. Google Scholar Segal, AW J.

CrossRef PubMed CAS Google Scholar Sies, H Angew. CrossRef Google Scholar Sies, H In: Oxidative Stress: Oxidants and Antioxidants Sies, H, ed. Google Scholar Sies, H a Eur. CrossRef PubMed CAS Google Scholar Sies, H b Free Radicals Biol.

CrossRef PubMed CAS Google Scholar Smith, LL Free Radical Biol. CrossRef PubMed CAS Google Scholar Tappe1, AL Vitam. CrossRef PubMed CAS Google Scholar Weglicki, WB, Mak, IT Mol. CrossRef PubMed CAS Google Scholar Download references.

Author information Authors and Affiliations Institut für Physiologische Chemie I, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Postfach , D, Düsseldorf, Germany Helmut Sies Authors Helmut Sies View author publications.

Editor information Editors and Affiliations Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Life Science Addition, , Berkeley, CA, USA Lester Packer Centre for Biomembranes and Lipid Enzymology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands Karel W.

Rights and permissions Reprints and permissions. Copyright information © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. About this paper Cite this paper Sies, H. Copy to clipboard.

Publish with us Policies and ethics. search Search by keyword or author Search. Navigation Find a journal Publish with us Track your research. vulgaris Hildenborough Hardy and Hamilton 55 found O 2 reduction activities in several D.

vulgaris , though NADH oxidase activity was not detected. According to the previous work, it was observed that O 2 reduction in SRB species takes places in the periplasm and is linked to cytochrome c 3 , as Postgate 61 proposed for D.

desulfuricans strain. Probably at least three independent systems are able to reduce O 2 in D. desulfuricans CSN. Out of those three systems, one system is active only at low O 2 concentrations, but it is inhibited by high O 2 concentrations; the rest two systems are active at all O 2 concentrations The suggestion that the former system is probably active in the periplasm, and it is linked to cytochrome c 3.

Oxidation activities of NADH and NADPH are in soluble cell extracts at all O 2 concentrations and these activities declined with a decrease of O 2 concentration. NADH oxidase activity was present in all strains that were examined, they all responded similarly to changes in O 2 concentrations 32 , These results suggest that the SRB contain NADH oxidase that able to reduce O 2 directly to H 2 O, though some SRB strains can reduce O 2 to H 2 O 2 ; H 2 O 2 is further reduced to H 2 O, as these strains possess the NADH peroxidase.

Examined D. desulfuricans strains contained NADH and NADPH oxidases and peroxidases 38 , therefore these findings correspond with our research that included D.

orale Rod-9 where the activity of these enzymes were also observed. In the research by van Niel et al. These properties distinguish them from the following strains: D. salexigens and D. In all cases, the addition of substrates resulted in a rapid decline of NADH oxidase activity.

The same observation was seen with NADPH oxidase, NADH peroxidase, and NADPH peroxidase, same as with O 2 consumption by the whole cells of D.

desulfuricans strains. It is possible that reactive intermediates—which damage the enzyme—are formed during oxidation reactions with O 2.

The more extensive will be the damage and thus inactivation when the faster oxidation is taking place The facultative anaerobic bacterium Lactobacillus casei IGM strains carry several genes that are allowing the strain to tolerate O 2 and reactive oxygen species ROS , though the complete functions have not been revealed yet.

The decreased growth and high H 2 O 2 accumulation were observed in the NADH peroxidase in comparison with wild types. Due to the H 2 O 2 degradation capacity, it was revealed that NADH peroxidase is a major H 2 O 2 degrading enzyme in L. casei IGM Conversely, the H 2 O 2 tolerance mechanism is dependent only on NADH peroxidase in L.

casei IGM The inactivation in this organism is considered to be an intrinsic property of the enzymes and their substrates.

Inactivation only happens in the case when both oxidizable substrates and O 2 are present. According to the results, the enzyme—substrate complex is prone to denaturation.

Enterococcus faecalis NADH oxidases are one of the best studied. gigas 60 and E. faecalis 63 NADH oxidases both contain FAD, no cental metal ions and they are sensitive to sulfhydryl agents.

The gradual removal of FAD is the reason for the instability of S. faecalis NADH oxidase Although the addition of FAD to the cell extracts increased the rate of oxidation of NADH, but it had no effect on the inactivation rate. The experiments were conducted also on the mutant strain where NADH peroxidase activity was observed, but not in the wild type.

NADH peroxidase activities in in vitro systems containing NADH hydrogen peroxide, and a bacterial NADH oxidoreductase from Desulfovibrio vulgaris and from Clostridium perfringens was also shown Desulfovibrio species SRB group are ubiquitous anaerobic microorganisms and they have a large metabolic diversity 4 , 18 , 22 , 66 , 67 , All SRB members are unified because they use sulfate as the terminal electron acceptor, reducing it to H 2 S.

Though, SRB species are classified as strict anaerobes, they are able to deal with the temporary presence of O 2 in natural habitats, such as marine surface waters, microbial mats, sewers, rice paddies and oil pipelines , and several Desulfovibrio species was found to be able to oxidize organic substrates under low levels of O 2 Otherwise, Desulfovibrio that are aerotolerant cannot utilize O 2 for growth 50 , therefore, in the presence of sulfide, SRB are more O 2 sensitive To obtain more insights with regard to peroxidases in SRB, we examined the genomes of closely-related organisms.

However, despite our efforts to ascertain more concrete information, the findings are the following. From our perspective, it might be reasonable to consider that the last five enzymes could play a role in the specific enzyme activities under investigation.

Nevertheless, the enzyme traits predicted by the automated genome annotation pipeline might not necessarily suggest a direct involvement of these enzymes in peroxidase functions. Identifying the enzyme characteristics would entail the cloning, expression, and characterization of each of the presumed enzymes.

Alternatively, another approach could involve pinpointing the pertinent putative peroxidases through transcriptomics within specific growth experiments. Both routes would be interesting to follow in future studies.

Still, our study does not primarily concern the genetic properties of the examined enzymes through a bioinformatics approach. There is also a genome of a closely related Desulfovibrio piger available at NCBI.

This genome is not a refseq genome. While we made an effort to locate the information, we did not explore the automated annotation pipeline results for this genome.

Moreover, we conducted an additional literature search to determine whether peroxidase activities had previously been reported for other SRB.

Regrettably, no records pertaining to this aspect were found. Hence, the activity of NADH and NADPH peroxidases has not been tested till now, too. There is an overall scarcity about this information on peroxidases in environmental SRB.

Regarding environmental SRB, the presence of peroxidases might be contingent upon the specific strain or species under investigation. Some SRB may possess peroxidases as part of their metabolic pathways, while others may rely on alternative enzymes or mechanisms for managing oxidative stress.

NADH and NADPH peroxidases are important enzymes that are putatively involved in the antioxidant defense systems of intestinal SRB. Both peroxidases could represent an evolutionary response to oxidative stress, and they can sustain their activity over a broad range of temperature and pH conditions, support the process of dissimilatory sulfate reduction, and the production of H 2 S.

At 35 °C and pH 7. In the case of D. piger Vib-7 compared to D. orale Rod-9, the kinetic parameters of enzyme specific activity, including V 0 and V max , were significantly higher.

The concentrations of the substrate H 2 O 2 affected the kinetic parameters of enzyme reactions. Between D. orale Rod-9, the K m values were notably different throughout the exponential and stationary growth phases.

The NADH peroxidase of D. piger Vib-7 is the exception to this finding. orale Rod-9 displayed much higher K m during both phases. orale Rod-9 peroxidases could be involved in their respective metabolisms as well as in the dissimilatory sulfate reduction and the production of H 2 S, the results obtained may be considered as significant insights and perspectives for clarification of the etiological role in the development of bowel diseases in humans and animals.

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Dannenberg, S. Oxidation of H2, organic compounds and inorganic sulfur compounds coupled to reduction of O2 or nitrate by sulfate-reducing bacteria. Download references. Open access funding by the University of Vienna.

Department of Plant Origin Food Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackého tř.

Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Health and Medical Techniques, Duhok Polytechnic University, Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Department of Oral Biology and Experimental Dental Research, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, Tisza Lajos Krt.

Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad Tér 4, , Budapest, Hungary. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. All authors of this paper contributed, I. analyzed and interpreted data from Illumina; I.

conceptualization, methodology, and investigation of this study; I. data curation and investigation, I. writing original draft preparation, writing manuscript and editing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Correspondence to Ivan Kushkevych or Simon K.

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Download PDF. Subjects Biochemistry Enzymes Microbiology. Abstract Animal and human feces typically include intestinal sulfate-reducing bacteria SRB.

Introduction Sulfate-reducing bacteria SRB develop rapidly in the presence of lactate and sulfate in the human gut, which leads to the buildup of hydrogen sulfide H 2 S , which is toxic and damaging to epithelial intestinal cells 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8.

Thank you for visiting nature. You are using a browser version Low glycemic for hair health limited support for CSS. To obtain the stategies experience, we Antioxidant defense strategies Atnioxidant Antioxidant defense strategies a more up steategies date browser or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. Animal and human feces typically include intestinal sulfate-reducing bacteria SRB. Hydrogen sulfide and acetate are the end products of their dissimilatory sulfate reduction and may create a synergistic effect. Our antioxidant stdategies and Coenzyme Q and exercise performance strategiex are important for defending our bodies against reactive oxygen species. Reactive oxygen species are reactive Injury prevention in track and field that have a single unpaired electron in their outermost Antioxidang of Coenzyme Q and exercise performance. Electrons generally like to be in pairs for stability. Therefore, because these electrons are not paired, they are highly unstable and reactive compounds. These compounds include free radicals such as superoxide and peroxyl radicals, but also include non-radicals such as hydrogen peroxide and singlet oxygen. Oxidative stress comes from external sources such as pollution, tobacco, heavy metals, pesticides, and radiation. As mentioned above, oxidative stress also comes from internal sources of reactive oxygen species in the body such as inflammation and metabolism.