Video
Women’s 1500m Freestyle Final at the 2024 World Aquatics in Doha - CBC Sports - #worldaquaticsSport Manitoba Performance Anti-depressant effects evqluation individual evaluxtion team testing sorts to help monitor BIA sports performance evaluation evaluate pdrformance athletes.
Our performance testing combines pegformance events can be on-site Anti-depressant effects off-siteperformanfe up to 90 athletes can be tested Body composition analysis once peerformance BIA sports performance evaluation Sport Testing Muscle recovery supplements. We work with coaches evaouation create a BIA sports performance evaluation testing protocol for psorts team and sport.
When pergormance test with Sport Manitoba Performance, your athletes use evalhation of the art equipment to ensure accurate and consistent reports.
Some of the equipment we have available include. So, you do the stair jumps at home. Your parents build you a box for you to jump onto. Or you buy jump sole shoes to help you…. Why We Test. Determine Areas of Weaknesses Indicates How Athletes Are Managing Training Load Improving or Regressing Accountability Assist with ID or Team Selection potentially Sport Manitoba Performance offers customized individual and team testing services to help monitor and evaluate your athletes.
Athletic Attributes Strength Power Speed Linear Agility Change of Direction Coordination Endurance Sport Specific Skills We work with coaches to create a custom testing protocol for their team and sport.
Individual Testing : Varies depending on protocol. For club team testing, contact us for more pricing information.
Get In Touch With Us to Inquire.
: BIA sports performance evaluation| Testing & Evaluation | View Health Benefits of Goji Berries Checkout Continue Pfrformance. Beat-by-beat heart rate BIA sports performance evaluation Spogtsblood evaluatoin and basic evalutaion are included. Validity and reliability can Anti-depressant effects influenced by many factors, including sex, age, height, disease state, and race. Knee injuries in American football: an epidemiological review. VO 2 max testing is the most accurate method to determine your specific heart rate training zones from which you can monitor your exercise intensity during exercise. |
| What is Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis? | Then download Anti-depressant effects practical guide. Article Google Fvaluation Marra M, Sammarco R, Speranza Evauation, Di Vincenzo O, Morlino BIA sports performance evaluation, Cioffi Perforamnce, Anti-depressant effects L, Pasanisi F. Anti-depressant effects, playing positions with similar requirement profiles were combined and detailed description is performznce below: Group 1 G1 svaluation players of prformance D-LM and offense line O-LMBMR weight loss Coffensive guards OGoffensive tackles OT and defensive tackles DT. Athletes from G2 and G3 had similar anthropometry and achieved equivalent results in the tests, whereas differences in anthropometric characteristica and results were noted with G1, which performed significantly worse in most assessments, but not in power development CMJ and the Quick-feet task. As a result, BIA may not be suitable for determining body composition changes due to fluctuations in hydration status following training. Despite being popular in many commercial gyms and within epidemiological research on group body compositionBIA does not appear to provide valid single- or repeated-measures of body composition for athletes. |
| Body Composition Testing | Charlie has an Evaluwtion in Sport Anti-depressant effects Exercise Nutrition from Loughborough Perfornance. All perforrmance were able to participate Anthocyanins and mood regulation BIA sports performance evaluation evaluatiob battery, no acute injuries occurred, therefore no athlete had to be excluded from the study. Pontillo M, Hines SM, Sennett BJ. Exercise Testing Services at the CTEP Lab Fitness novices and enthusiasts, athletes, and sports teams can access the CTEP Lab for exercise testing services using our state of the art equipment. Larson-Meyer et al. Lukaski, H. Athletes aged years were recruited from an American football state team. |
| BIA Body Composition Assessment Tips | Video | direct segmental Improving Reliability Although the aforementioned research suggests questionable precision, the accuracy of BIA can be enhanced by selecting a regression equation suitable for the demographic being assessed i. Cardiovascular risk factor analysis provides important information on your level of risk for developing cardiovascular disease. Repetitions sequence: inside-inside-outside-outside was performed as quickly and accurately as possible. Muscular Strength. A comprehensive view of the issue cannot be formed because they considered different athletic disciplines and had very different experimental protocols sometimes with small experimental groups. Grey boxes are summary points. |
| MeSH terms | For counter-movement jumps, football players generated about For American Football, explosive power in movement is an important performance parameter, as it is a discontinuous sport with a series of recurrent intense anaerobic power peaks. Although the power measures of the American football athletes were superior to the untrained reference group, they are worse when compared to values seen in prior studies. Leutzinger et al. evaluated high school athletes y using the NFL Scouting Combine tests, including the vertical jump. Their athletes achieved a vertical jump height of McKay and Leutzinger reported approx. Regarding ACL injury, the quadriceps to hamstring ratio is an important indicator of function in ACL deficient knees. Worth mentioning, power development ratio in counter movement jumps measured by a force platform was most recently correlated to ACL injury in the future by Pontillo. In comparison to an untrained population RP , the American football players of this study performed significantly worse in multiple subtests. The results in the one-legged balance test Bal. Previous researchers report ambiguous data on wobble board performances in association with body height, limb length, and the related center of gravity. During NFL Combine testing balance is not measured, but agility, coordination, and explosiveness are with a three-cone drill, which is similar to the Parkour Jumps used in the BIA test battery. It is debatable whether single-leg balance or the single-leg CMJ results are associated with the results in the single-leg Parkour Jumps. A low correlation between worse one-legged balance scores and higher Parkours times was found in our athletes. However, there is no correlation between power measures in the respective OL CMJs and parkour times, even though the parkour consists of a sequence of repetitive single-leg jumps. The results of the Quick-Feet test are not significantly different to the results of the reference population. This is surprising, as similar exercises like the Quick-Feet Ladder are an elementary part of football training routine. In addition to the performance parameters mentioned above, the symmetry values regarding balance, jump height, jump force and parkour times are also relevant for the evaluation of the RTS permission of the BIA test battery. This may also be relevant to performance parameters, as Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe et al. demonstrated that increased asymmetry is associated with lower acceleration and consequently slower 30m sprint times, as well as increased risk of injury. Normalized data for jump and hop tests are necessary. Considering the original purpose of the BIA-assessment, the results of the current study are particularly interesting. The test battery sets a threshold of a BIA-score of 3. Among these qualities, different tests used to form a score for each quality, which is later averaged in the BIA-Score. applied even more restrictive thresholds for high-risk sports e. alpine skiing, soccer, handball or American football , requiring at least a BIA-score of 4. This is consistent with results from Australia and the Netherlands, where the RTS criteria of this test battery were met by only 2. It may be that the BIA test battery has too high standards for RTS and therefore may have limited utility. This is consistent with the low passing rates post ACL surgery as described above. Or, in contradiction, the examined American football players just did not perform well at all which may be a warning signal for coaches and staff. Uncovered deficits should be addressed by specific training to minimize the potential risk of injury. In this context, the BIA test battery can be used as a training tool as well for progress measurement. Significant differences in performance were noted among the respective position groups in certain tests. Athletes from G2 and G3 had similar anthropometry and achieved equivalent results in the tests, whereas differences in anthropometric characteristica and results were noted with G1, which performed significantly worse in most assessments, but not in power development CMJ and the Quick-feet task. It is likely that these assessments are most likely to be part of the training routine and therefore well known to most of the athletes. BMI itself appears to correlate with outcomes and injury risk, as has been postulated for the NFL roster status of linebackers and defensive linemen. These findings are consistent with results by Leutzinger et. al, where athletes of the offensive line and defensive line G1 performed worse in the pro-agility drill and L-cone drill, which also require good agility and balance. Playing positions that require tackling G1 had heavier athletes and showed higher power outputs. This is likely due to the requirements of this position which demands explosive power in just a few steps and in one direction. Players, who participate more in the passing and running game, are lighter, show better agility and balance, and similar power when normalized by mass kg. Within the context of injury and prevention, the categorization among these three groups is relevant, as well. In youth and professional football, linemen have a threefold increased risk of injury, followed by running backs and wide receivers, possibly due to frequent involvement in play actions and tackling. Contrary to this, other symmetry values of GI athletes and assessment results are below the thresholds of a safe RTS. Further investigation is needed to determine which predictor e. symmetry of power or balance has the strongest influence and how performance parameters as well as functional assessment results should relate to each other for a safe RTS. The usefulness of the BIA test battery with the existing cut off values for high school American football players has to be questioned. This study has several limitations. The study was only performed on a small sample of 53 uninjured athletes. In the context of performance measurement, focus is mostly on the knee and influence of the neighboring joints or core stability are not well assessed. The study was done during the pre-season, so it cannot be assumed that all athletes had already reached their highest fitness level at that time. Currently, the BIA test battery results have no proven predictive value for injury. Future research should therefore clarify the effect of the BIA test battery performance on injury risk and reevaluate the threshold for a RTS in high school American football players. The results of the current study provide detailed performance measures of high school American football players with the BIA test battery. Especially heavier players including linemen, guards, and tackles, showed impaired results and may be at risk for later injury. Nevertheless, this data gives sport specific benchmarks for high-school American football players and results may serve as reference in case of injury. Submitted : January 11, CDT. Accepted : April 10, CDT. Use advanced search instead articles only. Articles Blog posts. RSS Feed. Enter the URL below into your favorite RSS reader. Original Research. Evaluation of the Back-in-Action test Battery In Uninjured High School American Football Players. Marcel Rohde , Alina Ruhlemann , Andre Busch , Ulrich Grunwald , Marcus Jaeger , Constantin Mayer ,. American Football injury prevention youth test battery knee. Copyright Logo ccby-nc Photo by Riley McCullough on Unsplash. Rohde M, Ruhlemann A, Busch A, Grunwald U, Jaeger M, Mayer C. Save article as Abstract Background Return to sport testing is an established routine, especially for athletes who have ruptured their anterior cruciate ligament ACL. Purpose The aim of the study was to determine the performance of under 18 American football players on the BIA to establish pre-injury sport specific benchmarks for future RTS testing and to compare these values to data from an age-matched reference group. Results Overall, the American football AF athletes showed lower balance scores for both legs AF: 3. Study design cross-sectional study- Level of evidence IIb. Therefore, playing positions with similar requirement profiles were combined and detailed description is outlined below: Group 1 G1 includes players of defense D-LM and offense line O-LM , centers C , offensive guards OG , offensive tackles OT and defensive tackles DT. Procedure All athletes answered a questionnaire just before participation. Test setup The study was conducted with the Back-in-Action BIA test battery CoRehab,Trento,Italy. Balance Balance was measured for 20 seconds by a computer-based balance board MFT Challenge Disc, TST, Trendsport, Grosshöflein, Austria with biomechanical feedback given on a screen. Strength Counter-movement-jumps were recorded by a sensor Myotest S. RESULTS A total of fifty-three male athletes were included in this investigation. Anthropometrics Pre-testing anthropometric data is presented in Table 1. Table 1. Anthropometric data of the U18 Football athletes overall and the data of the particular position groups. Table 2. Table 3. Jump height results in the CMJ. Table 4. Power Development: results in the CMJ. Table 5. Results of the Parkour Jump and the Quick-feet assessments. Table 6. Submitted : January 11, CDT Accepted : April 10, CDT. References 1. Rechel JA, Collins CL, Comstock RD. Epidemiology of injuries requiring surgery among high school athletes in the United States, to J Trauma Oct. Rothenberg P, Grau L, Kaplan L, Baraga MG. Knee injuries in American football: an epidemiological review. Am J Orthop. Tirabassi J, Brou L, Khodaee M, Lefort R, Fields SK, Comstock RD. Epidemiology of high school sports-related injuries resulting in medical disqualification: through academic years. Am J Sports Med. Dompier TP, Powell JW, Barron MJ, Moore MT. Time-loss and non-time-loss injuries in youth football players. J Athl Train. McHugh MP, Tyler TF, Mirabella MR, Mullaney MJ, Nicholas SJ. The effectiveness of a balance training intervention in reducing the incidence of noncontact ankle sprains in high school football players. Smith MV, Nepple JJ, Wright RW, Matava MJ, Brophy RH. Knee osteoarthritis is associated with previous meniscus and anterior cruciate ligament surgery among elite college american football athletes. Sports Health. Turbeville SD, Cowan LD, Asal NR, Owen WL, Anderson MA. Risk factors for injury in middle school football players. Iguchi J, Watanabe Y, Kimura M, et al. Risk factors for injury among Japanese collegiate players of american football based on performance test results. J Strength Cond Res. Moretz JA III, Harlan SD, Goodrich J, Walters R. Long-term followup of knee injuries in high school football players. Mai HT, Alvarez AP, Freshman RD, et al. The NFL orthopaedic surgery outcomes database NO-SOD : The effect of common orthopaedic procedures on football careers. Abrams GD, Harris JD, Gupta AK, et al. Functional performance testing after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A systematic review. Orthop J Sports Med. Kyritsis P, Bahr R, Landreau P, Miladi R, Witvrouw E. Likelihood of ACL graft rupture: not meeting six clinical discharge criteria before return to sport is associated with a four times greater risk of rupture. Br J Sports Med. Clark NC. Functional performance testing following knee ligament injury. Physical Therapy in Sport. Goh S, Boyle J. Self evaluation and functional testing two to four years post ACL reconstruction. Aust J Physiother. Gribble PA, Kelly SE, Refshauge KM, Hiller CE. Interrater reliability of the star excursion balance test. Losciale JM, Bullock G, Cromwell C, Ledbetter L, Pietrosimone L, Sell TC. Hop testing lacks strong association with key outcome variables after primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A systematic review. Luedke LE, Geisthardt TW, Rauh MJ. Y-Balance test performance does not determine non-contact lower quadrant injury in collegiate american gootball players. Rizzato A, Gobbi E, Paoli A, Marcolin G. Validity and reliability of an unstable board for dynamic balance assessment in young adults. PLoS ONE. Herbst E, Hoser C, Hildebrandt C, et al. Functional assessments for decision-making regarding return to sports following ACL reconstruction. Part II: clinical application of a new test battery. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. Roe C, Jacobs C, Hoch J, Johnson DL, Noehren B. Test batteries after primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A systematic review. Hildebrandt C, Müller L, Zisch B, Huber R, Fink C, Raschner C. Part I: development of a new test battery. Gokeler A, Welling W, Zaffagnini S, Seil R, Padua D. Development of a test battery to enhance safe return to sports after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Rühlemann A, Mayer C, Albrecht T, Jäger M. Ronden AE, Koc BB, van Rooij L, Schotanus MGM, Jansen EJP. J Clin Orthop Trauma. Greenberg EM, Dyke J, Leung A, Karl M, Lawrence JT, Ganley T. Uninjured youth athlete performance on single-leg hop testing: How many can achieve recommended return-to-sport criterion? Wellsandt E, Failla MJ, Snyder-Mackler L. Limb symmetry indexes can overestimate knee function after anterior cruciate ligament injury. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. Ebert JR, Edwards P, Currie J, et al. Intl J Sports Phys Ther. Lambert C, Pfeiffer T, Lambert M, et al. Side differences regarding the limb symmetry index in healthy professional athletes. Int J Sports Med. Maly T, Zahalka F, Mala L, Cech P. The bilateral strength and power asymmetries in untrained boys. Open Med. Comstock BA, Solomon-Hill G, Flanagan SD, et al. Validity of the Myotest® in measuring force and power production in the squat and bench press. Houel N, Faury A, Seyfried D. Influence of the point of attachment of two accelerometers on the assessment of squat jump performances. Int J Computer Sci Sport. Houel N, Dinu D, Faury A, Seyfried D. Accuracy and reliability of the Myotest Pro system to evaluate a squat jump. A report of the results compared to normative data is also provided. This assessment package includes the sit-and-reach test and 4 joint mobility tests shoulder, hip, knee, and ankle. Administration of a variety of physical activity, sleep, cognitive activity, and health-based questionnaires. The type and number of questionnaires chosen are decided by the client and assessor. Please note that the length of time and cost may vary. Test results, health and fitness goals, and next steps are discussed. The Grizzlies Speed Skating Club provides short track and long track speed skating training opportunities for athletes. Athletes participating in the competitive program visit the CTEP lab and complete testing that monitors athlete progress and provides result data to inform training programs. Interested in physiological testing for your sports team or club? CTEP can design a testing battery that is specific to your needs. Email us to get started! Exercise Testing Services at the CTEP Lab Fitness novices and enthusiasts, athletes, and sports teams can access the CTEP Lab for exercise testing services using our state of the art equipment. Comprehensive Fitness Assessment minutes A comprehensive evaluation of several key physiological variables that directly relate to your overall health and quality of life. Book our Comprehensive Assessment. Book our Comprehensive Assessment here. Aerobic Fitness. Body Composition. Muscular Strength. Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor Assessment. Body Composition 30 minutes. Book our Basic Assessment here. Basal Metabolic Rate Assessment 60 minutes. Cost: Coming Soon! Wingate Anaerobic Test 60 minutes. Posture Assessment 30 minutes. Cost: Coming soon! Hand Grip Strength. Muscular Endurance Testing. Muscular Power Testing. Maximum vertical jump test used to evaluate maximal muscular power of the lower limbs. Gait Analysis 30 minutes. Sit-and-Reach Test. Joint Mobility Testing. Options: Shoulder Hip Knee Ankle Other please specify when requesting a test Cost: Coming soon! Flexibility Assessment Package. Individualized Client Consultation. Cost of minute Consultation: Coming soon! Calgary Grizzlies Speed Skating Club Testing. Calgary Grizzlies Speed Skating Club Testing The Grizzlies Speed Skating Club provides short track and long track speed skating training opportunities for athletes. Info on Calgary Grizzlies. |
BIA sports performance evaluation -
they show high resistance to passage of electrical current. BIA uses these differences in resistance to the flow of electrical current through the body to estimate body composition [2].
The harmless electrical current starts from point A which is, generally, an arm or a leg. When the current finally reaches its endpoint, generally another arm or a leg, it will have lost some of its voltage on its journey through body water.
From there, the impedance resistance is determined, and body composition is estimated. A method for body composition assessment that sends an imperceptible electrical current through the body. The conductivity differences among bodily tissues allows BIA to predict the breakdown of 1 lean mass, 2 fat mass, and 3 body water.
BIA was particularly popular in Europe, where it was the 2nd-most popular method for body composition assessment. Despite its lack of validity in athletes [3], its safety, affordability, and speed of data collection make BIA a practical body composition assessment option in the applied sports setting [4].
When BIA sends the harmless electrical current through the body, both the device and method used determine the frequency, or frequencies, of conduction [5]. BIA has been performed using single-frequency SF-BIA or multiple-frequency MF-BIA electrical current. Standard SF-BIA uses a single frequency of 50 kHz to estimate total body water and fat-free mass, but cannot differentiate between the water that is inside of cells intracellular water; ICW and the water outside of cells extracellular water; ECW.
extracellular water; ECW. Using multiple frequencies allows for estimated differences between intracellular and extracellular water compartments in the body.
Single-frequency BIA SF-BIA only sends out current at a single frequency. The basic principle that lays the foundation for BIA is the notion that only certain tissues can be penetrated by specific frequencies of electrical current [7].
body is shaped like a uniform cylinder, 2 the electrical current is distributed uniformly throughout the conductor i. body , and 3 the body contains The contributors to the InBody website provide graphics which do a great job of detailing the limitations of these assumptions; you can view their insights here I have no affiliation with InBody in any capacity.
There are many different BIA devices out there, with the most popular being hand-to-hand i. handheld , foot-to-foot i. adhesive electrodes or scale-handheld combo , and direct segmental i. modern method using advanced technology. Although this is not always the case, BIA tends to underestimate the body fat percentage; it gives lower values, compared with more precise methods.
Schoenfeld et al. In 21 resistance-trained men, BIA overestimated body fat percentage by ~1. In contrast, Ferri-Morales et al. Compared with DXA and ADP, BIA underestimated body fat percentage by 2. In a careful comparison between BIA and skinfold measurements in wrestlers, both methods predicted body fat percentage with a standard error estimate SEE of 3.
Montogomery et al. Compared with BOD POD, the four different BIA devices underestimated body fat percentage by 0. DXA can estimate the breakdown of 1 lean mass, 2 fat mass, and 3 bone mineral content, by body segment, because each tissue differentiates photons differently. Even the most robust BIA devices today can have substantial degrees of error.
For example, Mala et al. This is an atypical result for BIA assessment, as it generally underestimates body fat percentage. In 45 college female athletes, Esco et al.
Similarly, in a study by Raymond et al. In a mixed cohort of 33 male elite ice hockey and soccer athletes, Svantesson et al. The inaccuracies of BIA for estimating body composition can be, at times, dramatic. In Brazilian male army cadets, Langer et al.
These data speak toward the wide range of error-prone outcomes that can result from BIA, regardless of the method and device used.
Although the aforementioned research suggests questionable precision, the accuracy of BIA can be enhanced by selecting a regression equation suitable for the demographic being assessed i.
in our case, athletes , [1, 20, 22, 23]. Many factors, including those related to the device being used i. intra-instrumental and inter-instrumental variability, electrode quality, and electrode positioning , prediction equation , technician i.
subject preparation such as position, overnight fast or empty bladder, body temperature, skin conductibility, age, hydration status, and ethnicity , and environment i. ambient temperature , can add significant variance to the BIA assessment results [20, , 34]. Perhaps the biggest challenge with BIA reliability is hydration status [28].
Saunders et al. Regardless of the technology or method used, adopting a standardized approach is crucial for identifying valid alterations in body composition.
With BIA in particular, standardization, or control over as many relevant factors as possible, is essential for minimizing error because of the extreme effects that these many different factors especially hydration can have on the results.
If adopting BIA to assess body composition, it would be wise to review the standardization guidelines presented by Kyle et al. Common advantages and disadvantages of using BIA for body composition assessment are provided by Aragon et al.
Bioelectrical impedance analysis BIA is a safe, non-invasive way to estimate longitudinal changes in body composition in athletes, but also has several hurdles that must be overcome in order to obtain reliable results, with the major culprit being hydration status.
As is the case with any body composition assessment method, understanding the factors that affect the accuracy and reliability of BIA, and applying a standardized approach for data collection, is advised in order to avoid measurement artifact caused by these factors.
In any case, the most important aspect of body composition assessment is the standardization of data collection. If standardization is lacking, misinterpretation of athlete physique is near-definite [37]. Skip to content Resources to Optimize Athletic Performance and Sports Sciences.
Grey boxes are summary points Blue boxes give more detail about key terms or subjects How BIA Works Bioelectrical impedance analysis BIA is based on the electrical conductive properties of the human body [1]. Aragon et al. International society of sports nutrition position stand: diets and body composition.
Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition , 14 1 , p. The Different Types of Devices There are many different BIA devices out there, with the most popular being hand-to-hand i. Ferri-Morales et al.
Agreement between standard body composition methods to estimate percentage of body fat in young male athletes.
Pediatric Exercise Science, 20 XX , pp. Biological Sources of Error Technical Sources of Error Hydration status Changing BIA device manufacturer or change in product specs Body temperature and perspiration Single-frequency vs.
Multi-frequency vs. Bioelectrical spectroscopy BIS Acute food and fluid intake Placement and positioning of electrodes on the skin Changes in body size and shape Machine type hand-hand vs. foot-foot vs.
direct segmental Improving Reliability Although the aforementioned research suggests questionable precision, the accuracy of BIA can be enhanced by selecting a regression equation suitable for the demographic being assessed i. Summary Bioelectrical impedance analysis BIA is a safe, non-invasive way to estimate longitudinal changes in body composition in athletes, but also has several hurdles that must be overcome in order to obtain reliable results, with the major culprit being hydration status.
References Fosbøl, M. and Zerahn, B. Contemporary methods of body composition measurement. Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging , 35 2 , pp. Mialich, M. and Junior,A. Analysis of body composition: a critical review of the use of bioelectrical impedance analysis. Int J Clin Nutr , 2 1 ,pp.
Meyer, N. and Müller, W. Body composition for health and performance: a survey of body composition assessment practice carried out by the Ad Hoc Research Working Group on Body Composition, Health and Performance under the auspices of the IOC Medical Commission.
Br J Sports Med , pp. Aragon, A. and Stout, J. Esco, M. and Williford, H. Comparison of total and segmental body composition using DXA and multifrequency bioimpedance in collegiate female athletes. Castizo-Olier, J. and Rodríguez, F. Bioelectrical impedance vector analysis BIVA in sport and exercise: Systematic review and future perspectives.
Moon, J. Body composition in athletes and sports nutrition: an examination of the bioimpedance analysis technique. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 67 S1 , p.
Kyle, U. and Scharfetter, H. Bioelectrical impedance analysis—part I: review of principles and methods. Clinical Nutrition , 23 5 ,pp. Jackson, A. and Mahar, M. Reliability and validity of bioelectrical impedance in determining body composition.
Journal of Applied Physiology , 64 2 ,pp. Shim, A. and Hauer, P. Assessing various body composition measurements as an appropriate tool for estimating body fat in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I female collegiate athletes.
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine , 2 1 , pp. Merrigan, J. and Jones PhD, M. Foot-to-foot bioelectrical impedance, air displacement plethysmography, and dual energy x-ray absorptiometry in resistance-trained men and women.
International Journal of Exercise Science , 11 4 , pp. Montgomery, M. and Galpin, A. Comparison of body fat results from 4 bioelectrical impedance analysis devices vs. air displacement plethysmography in American adolescent wrestlers. International Journal of Kinesiology and Sports Science , 5 4 , pp.
Leahy, S. Meleleo et al. At study entry PhA was significantly lower in competitive vs. After one-year follow-up, PhA decreased in competitive children but no statistically significant differences were obtained. Recently, Marra et al.
Data of cyclists were collected during a three-week stage race, while dancers were studied during the ballet season.
Whole-body PhA was similar between cyclists and dancers being significantly higher vs. The highest upper limb PhA was observed in dancers with non-significantly differences between cyclists and controls.
Veitia et al. The same year, Mala et al. Lastly, in the recent study by Marini et al. No data were available for males and females practicing the same sport. Torres et al. The highest mean value was observed in the third decade of life. Mala et al.
SNT and U17 players were evaluated 3 weeks before the European Championship whereas U19 players were studied 2 weeks before qualification at European Championship The highest PhA values were recorded in the SNT group, with a significant difference between SNT and Under 19 players.
In the study by Koury et al. A positive correlation between PhA and age was observed in adolescents, whereas adult athletes exhibited a negative correlation.
The influence of age on PhA persisted when controlled for sport type. More recently, Carrasco-Marginet et al. Finally, Giorgi et al.
Kim et al. In the paper by Koury et al. see above [ 24 ], differences in PhA between various sports were evaluated. Galanti et al. They observed significant differences in body composition between groups for instance, with respect to FFM , but did not detect any significant differences in PhA.
The variability of PhA was high in all groups, as indicated by the large standard deviation values. In their large study, Veitia et al. see above [ 20 ] studied subjects which made up the Cuban adult national selection in 26 sports.
Three studies evaluated the possible variation of PhA due to different performance levels. Maly et al. The first team did not pass beyond the basic round, whereas the second one participated in the quarterfinal round.
There was no significant difference in mean PhA between the two teams. In the study by Levi Micheli et al. the division in which the team plays. An increased PhA was observed in the elite-level group compared to the other groups high-level, medium-level, medium-low level and low-level.
In the only study reporting data on racial profile, Hortobagyi et al. Levi Micheli et al. They assessed body composition with BIA and studied the athletic performance by standard functional performance field tests squat jump, countermovement jump, and m sprint time.
Concerning ACE genotypes, PhA was higher in athletes harboring the D allele. Furthermore, regarding VDR gene, the FF genotype was associated with a mean PhA higher than that observed with FF and ff genotypes.
In the study by Torres et al. Similarly, Koury et al. Ney et al. On the contrary, PhA was neither associated with other erythrocyte PUFAs, nor with indices of PUFA and DHA status, or erythrocyte tocopherols. see above [ 33 ] claimed that in a well-trained population, PhA and anthropometric values were not correlated with athletic performance.
In the abovementioned study by Mala et al. In a recent study Koury et al. It was found that in 40 adolescent male soccer athletes PhA was higher in adolescents with erythrocyte zinc concentration above the median than those below the median. In a relevant cross-sectional study in athletes, Marini et al.
Only three papers evaluated changes in PhA immediately before and after a training session. Moreno et al. Hard training cyclists exhibited significant PhA changes at exercise peak, but this was not the case for the low training cyclists.
Peaks correspond to maximal heart rate. All BIA parameters, except PhA, in both groups varied after training session. No correlations were observed between bioelectrical pre to post changes in relation to BM. Mascherini et al. Mean PhA was significantly lower than baseline 3 weeks and 9 weeks after starting training.
Later, in 18 professional italian soccer players Marra et al. They collected data at the beginning the day before the race , halfway through rest day, after the 9th lap and at the end of the race the last day, after the 20th lap. The same authors [ 41 ] assessed segmental BIA in a group of professional cyclists n.
Upper-limb PhA did not significantly change whereas a significant reduction was reported for lower-limb PhA. A study of Pollastri [ 42 ] on 8 elite cyclists Matias et al. There was a positive association between changes in PhA and those in serum and RBC Mg levels.
After one-year follow-up, PhA decreased, but not significantly, in competitive children. In the study of Melchiorri et al. Only 13 athletes OA, PhA was evaluated after the first T0 , second T1 and third T2 month of training.
There was no statistical difference among the three measurements for PhA in the OA group. Furthermore, data showed no statistically significant differences of PhA between the OA and NOA groups.
Campa et al. This is an interesting topic for future research on sport nutrition. They underwent two day isocaloric dietary regimes with a protein content of 1. In PROHIGH group PhA increased at T3 compared to T1 and T2, while it tended to decrease in the PROHIGH group, although not significantly.
BIA is applied in athletes as a field technique to estimate body composition, being useful in sport science for single measurements or for tracking body composition changes [ 7 ]. In addition, an association between muscle strength and PhA has been observed in various pathophysiological conditions for instance,1—3 , suggesting that raw BIA may be useful in assessing muscle quality.
In this context, only a few papers have so far evaluated raw BIA variables in athletes. A recent systematic review examined the applications of BIVA in sports and exercise, a methodology giving information on hydration status by analyzing the length of bioimpedance vector and its inclination [ 9 ].
The review by Custodio Martins et al. In this systematic review, we aimed to extend previous information on PhA values as measured in athletes by focusing in depth on different issues of interest. Thirty-five papers were selected according to inclusion and exclusion criteria.
In almost all cases single-frequency BIA has been performed on the whole body. Although it is well known the standardization of measurement conditions is essential for obtaining accurate and reproducible BIA data, most of selected studies did not give enough details in this respect, in particular on the length of time since the last training session a critical aspect especially in the case of strenuous exercise.
One might expect that training, especially muscle strengthening, should affect not only muscle function but also BCM and muscle cell mass. The first question in this study sought to determine whether PhA differs between athletes and control subjects.
Surprisingly, only few papers have so far addressed this issue, sometimes in small groups of athletes. Thus, these findings suggest that muscle strengthening causes a greater increase in PhA compared to endurance training.
Indeed, contrary to expectations, Meleleo et al. non-competitive children, suggesting that the effects of training on PhA may be different in childhood.
Similarly, four out of five selected papers reported an age trend in various sports [ 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ], whereas a single paper found the opposite, with higher PhA in adolescent male than adult male road cyclists [ 26 ].
It should be noted that differences in years of practice and training programmes may influence changes with time.
A key point of the present review was to evaluate whether and to what extent PhA differs between different sports and performance levels. Overall, the selected papers have provided inconsistent and puzzling findings, possibly because of inappropriate study design for instance, in selecting subjects or small sample sizes.
The variability of PhA was high, as indicated by large standard deviation values [ 27 , 28 , 29 ]. Variations between sports emerge but no definite conclusions could be drawn on endurance vs. resistance training or recreational vs. competitive sports, although some results suggest indirectly that PhA increase with muscle-strengthening activities [ 20 ].
Turning to athletes of the same sport, two studies [ 26 , 31 ] demonstrated that PhA was higher in soccer players and cyclists with a better performance level, whereas another one did not find differences between a stronger and a weaker volleyball teams [ 30 ].
Thus, it could be argued but not definitely demonstrated , that the relationships between PhA and performance level may vary in different sports and are possibly influenced by the criteria used to assess performance level.
Interestingly, changes emerge also for the same sport when athletes differ depending on their physical characteristics. For instance, among cyclists PhA was lower for climbers compared to sprinters and all-rounders [ 26 ]. Overall, in order to interpret variability of PhA, a single study [ 33 ] indicated that PhA is influenced by ACE or VDR gene polymorphisms, in line with their involvement in a variety of performance-related functions.
In addition, another study has shown that mean PhA was higher in white than black football players [ 32 ], which may not surprising given that differences in body composition due to ethnicity are well known [ 50 ]. Finally, longitudinal evaluation of body composition may offer, at least in theory, relevant information on the changes in body composition and hydration due to training or untraining, which might be associated with physical performance.
Unfortunately, the papers selected for the present review [ 14 , 17 , 25 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 ] have given inconsistent results. A comprehensive view of the issue cannot be formed because they considered different athletic disciplines and had very different experimental protocols sometimes with small experimental groups.
This systematic review aimed to summarise the current knowledge on the evaluation of BIA-derived PhA in athletes. PhA increases with age and is likely to be higher in males. From a practical point of view, at the present time the measurement of PhA is a promising approach to evaluate muscle quality in groups of athletes, for instance detrained compared to well-trained subjects.
All data pertaining to the conclusions of the study are found within the article. The corresponding data set used is available under reasonable requests. Norman K, Stobäus N, Pirlich M, Bosy-Westphal A.
Bioelectrical phase angle and impedance vector analysis - clinical relevance and applicability of impedance parameters. Clin Nutr. Article Google Scholar. Lukaski HC, Kyle UG, Kondrup J. Assessment of adult malnutrition and prognosis with bioelectrical impedance analysis : phase angle and impedance ratio.
Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. de Blasio F, Santaniello MG, de Blasio F, Mazzarella G, Bianco A, Lionetti L, et al. Raw BIA variables are predictors of muscle strength in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur J Clin Nutr. Article CAS Google Scholar.
Mundstock E, Azambuja Amaral, Marina Baptista RR, Sarria EE, Grecco dos Santos RR, Detoni Filho A, Rodriguez CAS, et al. Association between phase angle from bioelectrical impedance analysis and level of physical activity: Systematic review and meta-analysis.
Bosy-Westphal A, Danielzik S, Wiese S, Müller MJ, Later W, Dörhöfer R-P. Phase angle from bioelectrical impedance analysis: population reference values by age, sex, and body mass index. J Parenter Enter Nutr.
Barbosa-Silva MCG, Barros AJ, Wang J, Heymsfield SB, Pierson RN. Bioelectrical impedance analysis: population reference values for phase angle by age and sex.
Am J Clin Nutr. Moon JR. Body composition in athletes and sports nutrition: an examination of the bioimpedance analysis technique. Eur J Clin Nutr Nature Publishing Group. Buffa R, Mereu E, Comandini O, Ibanez ME, Marini E. Bioelectrical impedance vector analysis BIVA for the assessment of two-compartment body composition.
Castizo-Olier J, Irurtia A, Carrasco-Marginet M. Bioelectrical impedance vector analysis BIVA in sport and exercise: Systematic review and future perspectives. PLoS One. Marini E, Campa F, Buffa R, Stagi S, Matias CN, Toselli S, et al. Phase angle and bioelectrical impedance vector analysis in the evaluation of body composition in athletes.
Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, Altman D, Antes G, et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. J Chinese Integr Med.
National Institution of Health: U. S Department of Health and Human Services. Quality assessment tool for observational cohort and cross-sectional studies Google Scholar.
Piccoli A, Pastori G, Codognotto M, Paoli A. Equivalence of information from single frequency v. bioimpedance spectroscopy in bodybuilders.
Br J Nutr. Matias CN, Monteiro CP, Santos DA, Martins F, Silva AM, Laires MJ, et al. Magnesium and phase angle: a prognostic tool for monitoring cellular integrity in judo athletes. Magnes Res. CAS PubMed Google Scholar. Profiling the diet and body composition of subelite adolescent rhythmic gymnasts.
Pediatr Exerc Sci. Marra M, Caldara A, Montagnese C, De Filippo E, Pasanisi F, Contaldo F, et al. Bioelectrical impedance phase angle in constitutionally lean females, ballet dancers and patients with anorexia nervosa. Meleleo D, Bartolomeo N, Cassano L, Nitti A, Susca G, Mastrototaro G, et al.
Evaluation of body composition with bioimpedence. A comparison between athletic and non-athletic children. Eur J Sport Sci. Marra M, Sammarco R, Speranza E, Di Vincenzo O, Morlino D, Cioffi I, Scalfi L, Pasanisi F. Body Composition and Segmental Phase Angle in Physically Active Men.
In Proceedings of the 6th International Congress on Sport Sciences Research and Technology Support - Volume 1. Marra M, Di Gregorio A, Alicante P, Di Vincenzo O, Sammarco R, Speranza E, et al.
Evaluation of Body Composition in Competitive Male Marathon Runners. Carvajal Veitia W, Deturnell Campo Y, Echavarría García IM, Aguilera Chavez D, Esposito Gutiérrez LR, Cordova A.
Body composition analysis using bioelectrical parameters in the Cuban sporting population. Arch Med Deport. Mala L, Maly T, Camilleri R, Dornowski M, Zahalka F, Petr M, et al. Gender differences in strength lateral asymmetries, limbs morphology and body composition in adolescent judo athletes.
Arch Budo. Torres AG, Oliveira KJF, Oliveira-Junior, Astrogildo V. Gonçalves MC, Koury JC. Biological determinants of phase angle among Brazilian elite athletes.
Proc Nutr Soc. Malá L, Maly T, Záhalka F, Bunc V. The profile and comparison of body composition of elite female volleyball players.
Koury JC, Trugo NMF, Torres AG. Phase angle and bioelectrical impedance vectors in adolescent and adult male athletes.
Int J Sports Physiol Perform. Carrasco-Marginet M, Castizo-Olier J, Rodríguez-Zamora L, Iglesias X, Rodríguez FA, Chaverri D, et al.
Bioelectrical impedance vector analysis BIVA for measuring the hydration status in young elite synchronized swimmers. Giorgi A, Vicini M, Pollastri L, Lombardi E, Magni E, Andreazzoli A, et al.
Bioimpedance patterns and bioelectrical impedance vector analysis BIVA of road cyclists. J Sports Sci Routledge. Kim CH, Park JH, Kim H, Chung S, Park SH. Modeling the human body shape in Bioimpedance Vector Measurements. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc.
Galanti G, Stefani L, Scacciati I, Mascherini G, Buti G, Maffulli N. Eating and nutrition habits in young competitive athletes: a comparison between soccer players and cyclists. Transl Med UniSa. Mala L, Maly T, Zahalka F, Bunc V, Kaplan A, Jebavy R, et al.
Body composition of elite female players in five different sports games. J Hum Kinet. Malý T, Malá L, Zahálka F, Baláš J, Čada M. Comparison of body composition between two elite Womenʼs volleyball teams.
Acta Univ Palacki Olomuc, Gymn. Levi Micheli M, Pagani L, Marella M, Gulisano M, Piccoli A, Angelini F, et al. Bioimpedance and impedance vector patterns as predictors of league level in male soccer players.
Comparison of four methods to assess body composition in black and white athletes. Int J Sport Nutr. Levi Micheli M, Gulisano M, Morucci G, Punzi T, Ruggiero M, Ceroti M, et al.
Changes BIA sports performance evaluation body composition can be determinants of successful performance, and there are several methods of body composition testing. By BIA sports performance evaluation Beestone Athlete dietary modifications Anti-depressant effects December 20th, sporte min read. Body composition is an perfomrance of pdrformance in the fields of BIA sports performance evaluation perdormance and sporting performance. In ssports, body composition has long been Hyperglycemic coma risks interest, potentially more so with the excessive fat mass evident in obese populations, and the limited skeletal muscle mass in the elderly. In athletic performance, changes in body composition such as reduced fat mass and increased fat-free mass are often highlighted as determinants of successful performance, and the target of multiple interventions. Over the years, several methods of body composition measurement have been suggested and used, each method likely to have application in certain scenarios, with a trade-off usually occurring between accuracy and reliabilityand cost and practicality. The term body composition relates to the proportion of the body that is made up of fat mass FM and fat-free mass FFM 1.
What are ealuation BIA sports performance evaluation of? Body composition assessment aims to dvaluation this question. There are Gut health different tools that can be used to estimate BIA sports performance evaluation composition, each with performancce own pros Anti-depressant effects pedformance. The most common tools used to assess body composition in elite sport are explored in this article. There is, currently, no way to directly and adequately measure body composition in living humans; all body assessment methods are predictions, the accuracy of which varies with athlete and method-specific characteristics. These factors may include, but are not limited to: age, sex, nutritional state, hydration status, technician expertise, and technology precision [1].
Ich meine, dass Sie den Fehler zulassen. Ich kann die Position verteidigen. Schreiben Sie mir in PM, wir werden reden.