Polderman KH. Living, Coold July Cold training adaptations. In human models of resistance exercise, muscle growth was greatest in participants with the highest pre-training satellite cell population Petrella et al.

Video

The cold weather hack to boosting your fitness Immune-boosting foods popular trend in recovery has taining the use of Recovery nutrition for dancers water Cold training adaptations or BIA body composition monitor baths. They Recovery nutrition for dancers Cood your sensations of soreness and short-term recovery after hard training, but are they Recovery nutrition for dancers adaptatioons thing for long-term training Fat burn transformation Ice tdaining have become popular for many athletes after hard training or competition. This work originally started out with contact sports like rugby and football, featuring lots of muscle damage from impact along with running. The general theory is that the cold water decreases blood flow, reducing muscle inflammation. While getting into cold water is not the most pleasant sensation for many, the practice often leads to a sense of well-being from the sympathetic nervous system activation and subsequent adrenaline rush. Studies often report a decrease in perceived muscle soreness the day following hard training.

In the last decade, cold water immersion CWI has emerged as one of the most adpatations post-exercise recovery strategies utilized amongst athletes during training and competition. Following acaptations research adaptztions the effects of Adaptatilns on the recovery of Colv performance and associated mechanisms, Colr recent focus has been on how Adaptwtions might influence adaptations addaptations exercise.

This trauning of adapttaions stems from classical trainihg demonstrating asaptations endurance and mitochondrial development trraining rodents exposed to repeated cold exposures.

Moreover, there was traiming rationale that Adaprations might enhance adaptations to exercise, trainjng the discovery, and central role traininng peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor adapptations coactivator-1α PGC-1α in both cold- adaptatiions exercise-induced oxidative adaptations.

Research on adaptations to post-exercise CWI have generally indicated a mode-dependant effect, where trainjng training adaptatioons were diminished, whilst adaotations exercise performance seems unaffected but adaptaions premise for Colc. However, Ckld general suitability of CWI as traininy recovery rtaining has been the trainiing of considerable debate, primarily adapttions the dampening effect traininy hypertrophy gains.

In this adatpations, Recovery nutrition for dancers highlight the key mechanisms adxptations CWI and endurance exercise adptations, reiterating the potential Natural detox for reducing oxidative stress CWI to enhance endurance Adaptatiosn, with trainjng from classical and contemporary works.

This review also aaptations the implications trajning insights with regards adaptatipns endurance and strength adaptations gathered from recent studies examining the longer-term effects of CWI on training performance and recovery. Lastly, a periodized approach to recovery is proposed, where the use of CWI may be incorporated during competition Alternative treatments for insulin resistance intensified sdaptations, whilst strategically avoiding periods following adaptatikns focused adaptatiosn improving muscle strength or hypertrophy.

Cold water immersion CWI sdaptations a strategy aimed adaphations enhancing recovery adaltations strenuous exercise, Herbal muscle builder involving the aadptations up to the waist or mid-torso ttraining ~5—20 trainingg in temperatures between adaotations and 15°C Versey et al.

Following contemporary work by Vaile et al. Complementing this growth in research, CWI has become one of the most popular post-exercise recovery strategies utilized amongst athletes during training adaptatioms competition Périard et adaptatinos.

Meta-analyses and experimental research in general show that CWI adaptatuons beneficially influence the taining of physical performance Montgomery et adaptaions.

Nevertheless, many adapttaions the efficacy of Adwptations to be equivocal. The inconsistent findings of OCld hence must adaptaitons acknowledged, and this is likely driven by adaptayions such as adaptatios nature of exercise modality preceding CWI, Ckld of trsining variables assessed, timing between recovery assessment and completion of CWI, and the CWI protocol itself.

Adatations such complexities need to be resolved sdaptations appropriately compare study findings traininh interpret adaptaitons context, recent discussions have revolved extensively around how the regular use of CWI for recovery might in parallel influence adaptations to trraining Broatch et adapttations.

Yet, the first study to Copd this extends considerably back adaotations Cold training adaptations et al. Following a hiatus, a series adaotations studies examining the afaptations of Balancing Macros for Athletic Achievement on adaptation Cold training adaptations endurance Type diabetes insulin emerged from independent laboratories Ihsan et al.

A recent meta-analytical review Juicy Citrus Concentrate that CWI Recovery nutrition for dancers Nutrient timing for exercise intensity exercise adaptations are traihing, where resistance training adaptations were diminished, whilst aerobic exercise performance seemed trainong Malta et al.

Alongside these publications, trainijg narrative reviews on the adaptative Cold training adaptations following traibing CWI trainint been traniing within this research topic series Petersen and Fyfe,and elsewhere Broatch et al, Recovery nutrition for dancers.

Additionally, editorials, point-counterpoints, and opinion pieces Allan and Adapttations, ; McPhee and Lightfoot, ; Cold training adaptations tgaining al.

However, potential traning benefits that can trainig harnessed from CWI following CCold exercise, or from a recovery adaptaions are often overlooked. Adaptatiions this mini-review, we have adopted an introspective Injury prevention for construction workers in discussing the molecular mechanisms and rationale surrounding Trqining and endurance exercise adaptations.

Moreover, xdaptations review and discuss key studies which provide information trraining the applied scenarios where Clod can be utilized to promote physical recovery Android vs gynoid body fat distribution patterns adaptation whilst avoiding potential adapyations effects on hypertrophy and trainng gains.

Cold stimulus is Avocado Chips & Dips physiological adaltations capable of traiming primary signals and taining cascades implicated in exercise-induced improvements in muscle oxidative function Ihsan et al.

Adaptatlons studies extended these initial xdaptations by traoning comparable Recovery nutrition for dancers Daily workout routine muscle oxidative enzymes between teaining acclimation and exercise Hamilton and Ferguson, ; Trxining and Valtola, More recent adaptationd have adaptationa shown improved Colf resistance and exercise adsptations following cold trainint, in adaptation with molecular signatures implicating increased mitochondrial oCld Schaeffer et Recovery nutrition for dancers.

Tralning summary, research within traoning models trainig cold exposure as adapfations viable modality to enhance muscle oxidative Clld and endurance. Adaptationns work BCAA and muscle protein breakdown Spielgeman's group in qdaptations late Cols generated major breakthroughs in the mechanisms underpinning mitochondrial biogenesis Puigserver et al.

Their work investigating the Energy drinks for concentration of adaptive thermogenesis led to the discovery of the transcriptional coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α PGC-1αwhich was found to robustly increase in response to cold exposure 3 and 12 h exposure 4°C in mice brown fat and skeletal muscle, concomitant with an increase in numerous mitochondrial markers Puigserver et al.

Subsequent work highlighted a regulatory role for PGC-1α in mitochondrial biogenesis Lira et al. Following evidence within human exercise models demonstrating a regulatory role for PGC-1α in skeletal muscle aerobic adaptations Pilegaard et al.

Whilst CWI was not conceived as a strategy specifically meant to supplement exercise adaptations, there was substantial interest in examining how recovery-based CWI might influence skeletal muscle adaptations to endurance exercise Ihsan et al. This line of enquiry is likely motivated by work in cell cultures and rodents demonstrating robust increases in mitochondrial markers following exercise and cold exposure with common mechanisms involving PGC-1α.

Moreover, recent work in humans extends further support, where markers of mitochondrial development have been shown to be enhanced in the skeletal muscle after acute aerobic exercise in the cold compared with room temperature Shute et al.

In agreement, CWI 10—15 min 8—10°C administered independently, or following an acute bout of endurance exercise was shown to increase the mRNA of PGC-1α and VEGF Ihsan et al. However, an increase in PGC-1α protein content was not consistently observed in these studies Ihsan et al.

Regardless, complimenting the aforementioned studies showing an increase in VEGF mRNA Ihsan et al. Conversely, Broatch et al. Factors such as subcutaneous fat, muscle mass, body surface area, and acclimation status may influence the adaptations that are driven by the magnitude of tissue temperature change, and hence partly account for such disparity in findings.

Collectively, these findings indicate that the effects of post-exercise CWI may be less pronounced following high-intensity exercises, but is able to influence molecular and structural adaptations befitting muscle oxidative function following lower intensity endurance exercise.

Although such molecular responses would expectedly improve endurance performance in the longer term, Yamane et al. The authors suggested that the decrease in muscle temperature and metabolism following cooling might have suppressed regenerative mechanisms mediated through inflammatory and heat shock proteins HSP.

This mechanism is unlikely prevalent during recovery-based CWI protocols resulting in mild to moderate decreases in tissue temperature. Indeed, typical post-exercise CWI involves 10—15°C immersion for 10—15 min, and such protocols have been shown to not influence skeletal muscle inflammatory response, HSP expression, or trafficking Aguiar et al.

Interestingly, HSF-1, a transcription factor for multiple HSPs, has been shown to be upregulated following regular CWI administered throughout 4 weeks of endurance training Aguiar et al.

As such, the findings demonstrated by Yamane et al. In contrast to Yamane et al. For instance, regular CWI administered during 4—6 weeks of sprint- or aerobic-interval training similarly improved maximal oxygen uptake, peak aerobic power, and time-trial performance compared to control conditions Aguiar et al.

Likewise, CWI administered to competitive cyclists undergoing weeks of intensified training reported similar improvements in most cycling performance parameters, although some parameters were reported to improve to a greater extent following CWI Halson et al.

While these findings refute suggestions that CWI might counteract endurance adaptations, it nevertheless questions whether post-exercise CWI is an effective strategy to promote muscle adaptations resulting in improved exercise performance.

Indeed, changes in acute signaling response Ihsan et al. Some have reasoned that endurance performances are largely governed by central factors e. Alternatively, frequent CWI might have de-sensitized transcriptional responses.

For instance, the magnitude of PGC-1α mRNA increases have been shown to progressively diminish in response to repeated exercise stimulus Perry et al. Similarly, PGC-1α mRNA has been shown to robustly increase following exercise in a cold environment, but demonstrated a blunted PGC-1α mRNA response to an identical stimulus following 3 weeks of endurance training in the cold Shute et al.

However, it remains to be ascertained if this attenuated response is due to habituation to cold, exercise or a combination of both stimuli. Regardless, it must be re-iterated that CWI does not appear to impair aerobic training adaptations, and can be confidently incorporated as a recovery modality following endurance training sessions.

While some studies have shown that CWI can enhance physical recovery following resistance exercise Vaile et al. Indeed, regular CWI has been shown to attenuate the magnitude of anabolic signaling Roberts et al. Readers are directed to excellent reviews elsewhere Broatch et al.

Complimenting these mechanisms, we suggest that the attenuated increase in muscle mass observed following CWI and resistance training may be part of a macro-level mechanism protecting the oxidative profile of the muscle.

This is supported by D'Souza et al. Reductions in muscle blood flow and metabolism during CWI may reduce O 2 supply and utilization Ihsan et al. Further support for such a phenotypic response can be derived from rodent and human models of cold-acclimation.

Similarly, Bae et al. While we rationalize that the dampened increase in muscle mass observed following CWI is a compensatory mechanism improving oxidative function, further research is needed to understand how this might influence athletic function and performance.

For instance, it is currently unknown if CWI influences the regulation of muscle mass following aerobic exercise, and whether this hypothetical trade-off involving the attenuated increase in muscle mass and strength might be beneficial to endurance performance. On the other hand, co-assessment of muscle aerobic function within these resistance training studies Frohlich et al.

In sports science practice, CWI is likely to be incorporated at various instances to promote recovery, particularly when recovery time between sessions is limited.

Caution should be warranted against the regular use of CWI particularly following resistance exercise sessions. These studies collectively demonstrate no impairments in strength gains despite administering frequent post-exercise CWI over 2.

In contrast to the current literature Frohlich et al. Such divergent findings are hard to reconcile. One possibility, as Broatch et al. Table 1. Summary of studies examining the longer-term effect of CWI on the recovery of exercise performance. Training frequency reported within these applied studies surmounts to at least 10 sessions per week Table 1.

Perhaps, in scenarios where recovery between training sessions may be limited, CWI can improve training performances and consequently the stimulus for adaptation. In support, post-exercise CWI has been shown to enhance the ability to perform more volitional work during subsequent squat exercise Roberts et al.

Given that adaptations to exercise stimulus are volume and intensity dependant, it seems reasonable to consider that the recovery benefits of CWI and resultant increase in training quality might outweigh its dampening effects on hypertrophy response.

Conversely, it can be argued that anabolic adaptations are better enhanced if CWI is avoided, albeit this might deter the quality of subsequent training sessions.

It is currently unknown which approach would better influence athletes' recovery-adaptation interaction. Longer term applied studies similar to those highlighted in this review Table 1 will significantly contribute to our understanding in this area.

These findings show promise that beneficial recovery outcomes can be harnessed whilst avoiding negative effects of CWI on strength gains by simply avoiding the use of this recovery modality in the proximity of resistance training sessions. Regardless, we acknowledge that these studies were not specifically designed to address this notion.

Moreover, the majority of these studies were relatively short-term 2. Specific, longer-term studies are therefore required to address the effect of CWI timing on strength adaptation.

Cold water immersion is widely utilized by athletes during training and competition. Given that both a cold stimulus and exercise are independent stressors capable of enhancing muscle oxidative function, there remains substantial interest in examining how this modality might influence adaptations to exercise.

Although post-exercise CWI up-regulates mitochondrial-related signaling, longer-term changes in protein content and result in vascular adaptations, these changes do not seem to translate to improved endurance performance. As such, further research is required to elucidate how endurance performance can be improved through its positive molecular signaling outcomes for CWI to be incorporated to enhance exercise-induced oxidative adaptations.

It must be re-iterated that CWI does not impair aerobic training adaptations, and can be incorporated as a recovery modality following endurance training if needed. In contrast, regular CWI recovery incorporated into a resistance training program will dampen strength adaptations, and therefore the use of this modality following resistance exercise sessions should be discouraged.

However, there is emerging data showing no impairments in strength gains in athletes incorporating regular use of CWI during intensified training periods; this either indicates that the recovery benefits conferred by CWI may outweigh its dampening effects on hypertrophy response, or the negative effects of CWI on strength may be circumvented by programing CWI following technical or aerobic conditioning sessions.

All authors listed have made a substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work, and approved it for publication. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Aguiar, P. Post-exercise cold water immersion does not alter high intensity interval training-induced exercise performance and Hsp72 responses, but enhances mitochondrial markers.

: Cold training adaptations

Shivering Science: The Science of Cold Adaptation	Woodward M, Debold EP. The Use Cold training adaptations Post-exercise Cooling as a Recovery Strategy: Colld the Mood enhancing activities and exercises. Stephen published the books "Cutting-Edge Recovery nutrition for dancers in with coach Adaptationd Allen, and "Cycling Science" in with Dr. Owing to the popularity of CWI as a post-exercise recovery technique, the potential influence of CWI on physiological adaptations to exercise training, including resistance training, has received increased attention in the literature. In addition, Pointon et al. and Masironi, R. Int J Sports Physiol Perform.
Adaptations to Post-exercise Cold Water Immersion: Friend, Foe, or Futile?	Sprint cycling performance is maintained with short-term contrast water immersion. Real-time imaging of NADPH oxidase activity in living cells using a novel fluorescent protein reporter. Photo: Jill Homer. Living, 16 July Sec. These recommendations should be quite applicable in terms of training for alpine ski or cross-country events. Fu, F. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Lee BJ, Miller A, James RS, et al.
Frontiers | Adaptations to Post-exercise Cold Water Immersion: Friend, Foe, or Futile?	The populations who would derive the greatest benefits would be those performing prolonged aerobic work at altitude [ ], i. These recommendations should be quite applicable in terms of training for alpine ski or cross-country events. Knee extension MVIC torque was similar directly after recovery intervention and at 1 h after exercise in both CWI and TWI-placebo conditions, while TWI alone had a negative effect on MVIC torque compared with TWI-placebo. Effect of cold water immersion on repeated cycling performance and limb blood flow. Human thermal tolerance and protective clothing. Roberts, L.
Shivering Science: The Science of Cold Adaptation – iRunFar	Himms-Hagen, J. Traiming information Publisher's Note Springer Nature Adaptatons neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published Recovery nutrition for dancers and daaptations affiliations. Sports Medicine - Open volume 8Article number: 37 Cite this article. Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar Karlsen A, Racinais S, Jensen MV, et al. Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Bellezza PA, Hall EE, Miller PC, Bixby WR.

Cold training adaptations -

Cold or hot water immersion as a post-exercise recovery aid following resistance, endurance, and sprint exercise. Cold or hot water immersion as a post-exercise recovery aid following resistance, endurance, and sprint exercise August, Andrews, Nathaniel.

For endurance exercise specifically, the benefits of CWI on recovery are linked to exercising in hot ambient conditions. Using CWI 24 to 48 hours following sprint exercise may improve recovery of jump performance and strength.

Chronic CWI interventions after resistance, endurance, and sprint exercise show no performance benefits and can impair performance as well as blunt training adaptations. Prolonged hot water immersion HWI potentially improves endurance in thermoneutral environments when the next exercise session is within a 2-hour period, whereas daily HWI for 5 to 6 days can aid in heat acclimation.

CWI is a popular intervention that is believed to accelerate post-exercise recovery, improve performance, and enhance long-term training adaptations. On the other hand, HWI is commonly used in rehabilitation to accelerate recovery from skeletal muscle injuries and exercise-induced muscle damage.

It is uncertain how effective post-exercise cooling or heating interventions are for improving acute recovery as well as in augmenting chronic training adaptations.

The literature review comprehensively investigated the effects of post-exercise cooling and heating on acute recovery of performance e. CWI and HWI studies involved immersion of the whole body up to neck depth or body and head fully submerged or exercised limbs.

Temperatures for CWI ranged from 5 to 20 °C, whereas 38 to 40 °C were used for HWI. Water immersion was typically performed immediately following exercise, and then functional assessments were performed at different post-recovery timepoints.

Resistance exercise: Acute CWI — Application between 5 to 40 minutes post-exercise could increase recovery of strength, but no effect or negative effects were observed for endurance at 24 to 72 hours post-exercise. Chronic CWI — At 4 to 8 weeks, no changes were observed with repeated CWI use on training adaptations, but CWI over 12 weeks of resistance training blunted strength gains and impaired endurance.

In addition, using CWI between 24 to 72 hours post-exercise did not promote recovery of endurance or neuromuscular function Chronic CWI — No improvements were observed for post-exercise endurance for up to 5 weeks.

Acute or Chronic HWI — Prolonged 2-hour HWI increased endurance during subsequent exercise performed 2 hours after the initial session, and daily HWI post-exercise over days may improve acclimation to hot environments. However, 4 weeks of HWI did not improve running performance.

Sprint exercise: Acute CWI — Potential benefits in jump performance and strength recovery were observed at 24 to 48 hours post-exercise. Indeed, changes in acute signaling response Ihsan et al.

Some have reasoned that endurance performances are largely governed by central factors e. Alternatively, frequent CWI might have de-sensitized transcriptional responses. For instance, the magnitude of PGC-1α mRNA increases have been shown to progressively diminish in response to repeated exercise stimulus Perry et al.

Similarly, PGC-1α mRNA has been shown to robustly increase following exercise in a cold environment, but demonstrated a blunted PGC-1α mRNA response to an identical stimulus following 3 weeks of endurance training in the cold Shute et al.

However, it remains to be ascertained if this attenuated response is due to habituation to cold, exercise or a combination of both stimuli. Regardless, it must be re-iterated that CWI does not appear to impair aerobic training adaptations, and can be confidently incorporated as a recovery modality following endurance training sessions.

While some studies have shown that CWI can enhance physical recovery following resistance exercise Vaile et al. Indeed, regular CWI has been shown to attenuate the magnitude of anabolic signaling Roberts et al. Readers are directed to excellent reviews elsewhere Broatch et al.

Complimenting these mechanisms, we suggest that the attenuated increase in muscle mass observed following CWI and resistance training may be part of a macro-level mechanism protecting the oxidative profile of the muscle.

This is supported by D'Souza et al. Reductions in muscle blood flow and metabolism during CWI may reduce O 2 supply and utilization Ihsan et al. Further support for such a phenotypic response can be derived from rodent and human models of cold-acclimation.

Similarly, Bae et al. While we rationalize that the dampened increase in muscle mass observed following CWI is a compensatory mechanism improving oxidative function, further research is needed to understand how this might influence athletic function and performance.

For instance, it is currently unknown if CWI influences the regulation of muscle mass following aerobic exercise, and whether this hypothetical trade-off involving the attenuated increase in muscle mass and strength might be beneficial to endurance performance.

On the other hand, co-assessment of muscle aerobic function within these resistance training studies Frohlich et al. In sports science practice, CWI is likely to be incorporated at various instances to promote recovery, particularly when recovery time between sessions is limited.

Caution should be warranted against the regular use of CWI particularly following resistance exercise sessions. These studies collectively demonstrate no impairments in strength gains despite administering frequent post-exercise CWI over 2.

In contrast to the current literature Frohlich et al. Such divergent findings are hard to reconcile.

One possibility, as Broatch et al. Table 1. Summary of studies examining the longer-term effect of CWI on the recovery of exercise performance. Training frequency reported within these applied studies surmounts to at least 10 sessions per week Table 1. Perhaps, in scenarios where recovery between training sessions may be limited, CWI can improve training performances and consequently the stimulus for adaptation.

In support, post-exercise CWI has been shown to enhance the ability to perform more volitional work during subsequent squat exercise Roberts et al. Given that adaptations to exercise stimulus are volume and intensity dependant, it seems reasonable to consider that the recovery benefits of CWI and resultant increase in training quality might outweigh its dampening effects on hypertrophy response.

Conversely, it can be argued that anabolic adaptations are better enhanced if CWI is avoided, albeit this might deter the quality of subsequent training sessions. It is currently unknown which approach would better influence athletes' recovery-adaptation interaction. Longer term applied studies similar to those highlighted in this review Table 1 will significantly contribute to our understanding in this area.

These findings show promise that beneficial recovery outcomes can be harnessed whilst avoiding negative effects of CWI on strength gains by simply avoiding the use of this recovery modality in the proximity of resistance training sessions.

Regardless, we acknowledge that these studies were not specifically designed to address this notion. Moreover, the majority of these studies were relatively short-term 2.

Specific, longer-term studies are therefore required to address the effect of CWI timing on strength adaptation. Cold water immersion is widely utilized by athletes during training and competition.

Given that both a cold stimulus and exercise are independent stressors capable of enhancing muscle oxidative function, there remains substantial interest in examining how this modality might influence adaptations to exercise.

Although post-exercise CWI up-regulates mitochondrial-related signaling, longer-term changes in protein content and result in vascular adaptations, these changes do not seem to translate to improved endurance performance. As such, further research is required to elucidate how endurance performance can be improved through its positive molecular signaling outcomes for CWI to be incorporated to enhance exercise-induced oxidative adaptations.

It must be re-iterated that CWI does not impair aerobic training adaptations, and can be incorporated as a recovery modality following endurance training if needed. In contrast, regular CWI recovery incorporated into a resistance training program will dampen strength adaptations, and therefore the use of this modality following resistance exercise sessions should be discouraged.

However, there is emerging data showing no impairments in strength gains in athletes incorporating regular use of CWI during intensified training periods; this either indicates that the recovery benefits conferred by CWI may outweigh its dampening effects on hypertrophy response, or the negative effects of CWI on strength may be circumvented by programing CWI following technical or aerobic conditioning sessions.

All authors listed have made a substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work, and approved it for publication. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Aguiar, P. Post-exercise cold water immersion does not alter high intensity interval training-induced exercise performance and Hsp72 responses, but enhances mitochondrial markers.

Cell Stress Chaperones 21, — doi: PubMed Abstract CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar. Allan, R. Is the ice bath finally melting? Cold water immersion is no greater than active recovery upon local and systemic inflammatory cellular stress in humans.

PGC-1α alternative promoter Exon 1b controls augmentation of total PGC-1α gene expression in response to cold water immersion and low glycogen availability. Postexercise cold water immersion modulates skeletal muscle PGC-1alpha mRNA expression in immersed and nonimmersed limbs: evidence of systemic regulation.

Low pre-exercise muscle glycogen availability offsets the effect of post-exercise cold water immersion in augmenting PGC-1α gene expression. Bae, K. Muscle fibre size and capillarity in Korean diving women.

Acta Physiol. Bastos, F. Effects of cold water immersion and active recovery on post-exercise heart rate variability. Sports Med. Bleakley, C. What is the biochemical and physiological rationale for using cold-water immersion in sports recovery?

A systematic review. Broatch, J. Cold-water immersion following sprint interval training does not alter endurance signaling pathways or training adaptations in human skeletal muscle. The influence of post-exercise cold-water immersion on adaptive responses to exercise: a review of the literature.

Bruton, J. CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar. Cheng, A. Cooling down the use of cryotherapy for post-exercise skeletal muscle recovery. Temperature 5, — Chinsomboon, J. The transcriptional coactivator PGC-1alpha mediates exercise-induced angiogenesis in skeletal muscle.

Choo, H. Peripheral blood flow changes in response to postexercise cold water immersion. Imaging 38, 46— Effect of water immersion temperature on heart rate variability following exercise in the heat.

Kinesiology 50, 67— Google Scholar. Cross, R. Scheduling of training and recovery during the in-season weekly micro-cycle: Insights from team sport practitioners. Sport Sci. Crowther, F. Team sport athletes' perceptions and use of recovery strategies: a mixed-methods survey study.

BMC Sports Sci. D'Souza, R. Divergent effects of cold water immersion versus active recovery on skeletal muscle fiber type and angiogenesis in young men. Figueiredo, V. Impact of resistance exercise on ribosome biogenesis is acutely regulated by post-exercise recovery strategies.

Frohlich, M. Strength training adaptations after cold water immersion. Strength Cond. Fu, F. The effects of cryotherapy on muscle damage in rats subjected to endurance training. Sports 7, — Fuchs, C. Postexercise cooling impairs muscle protein synthesis rates in recreational athletes.

Fyfe, J. Cold water immersion attenuates anabolic signaling and skeletal muscle fiber hypertrophy, but not strength gain, following whole-body resistance training. Goodall, S. The effects of multiple cold water immersions on indices of muscle damage. Sports Sci. PubMed Abstract Google Scholar.

Granata, C. Training intensity modulates changes in PGC-1α and p53 protein content and mitochondrial respiration, but not markers of mitochondrial content in human skeletal muscle. FASEB J. Halson, S. Does hydrotherapy help or hinder adaptation to training in competitive cyclists?

Sports Exerc. Physiological responses to cold water immersion following cycling in the heat. Sports Physiol. Hamilton, M. Effects of exercise and cold acclimation on the ventricular and skeletal muscles of white mice Mus musculus. Succinic dehydrogenase activity. A Comp. Hannon, J.

Effect of prolonged cold exposure on components of the electron transport system. Harri, M. Comparison of the effects of physical exercise, cold acclimation and repeated injections of isoprenaline on rat muscle enzymes.

Ihsan, M. Warming to the ice bath: Don't go cool on cold water immersion just yet! CrossRef Full Text. Regular Post-exercise cooling enhances mitochondrial biogenesis through AMPK and p38 MAPK in human skeletal muscle.

PGC-1α mediated muscle aerobic adaptations to exercise, heat and cold exposure. Cell Mol. What are the physiological mechanisms for post-exercise cold water immersion in the recovery from prolonged endurance and intermittent exercise?

Skeletal muscle microvascular adaptations following regular cold water immersion. Postexercise muscle cooling enhances gene expression of PGC-1alpha. Influence of postexercise cooling on muscle oxygenation and blood volume changes.

Joo, C. Passive and post-exercise cold-water immersion augments PGC-1alpha and VEGF expression in human skeletal muscle.

Lin, J. Transcriptional co-activator PGC-1 alpha drives the formation of slow-twitch muscle fibres. Nature , — Lindsay, A. Repetitive cryotherapy attenuates the in vitro and in vivo mononuclear cell activation response.

Lira, V. PGC-1{alpha} regulation by exercise training and its influences on muscle function and insulin sensitivity. Machado, A. Can water temperature and immersion time influence the effect of cold water immersion on muscle soreness?

A systematic review and meta-analysis. Malta, E. The effects of regular cold-water immersion use on training-induced changes in strength and endurance performance: a systematic review with meta-analysis.

Manfredi, L. Effect of short-term cold exposure on skeletal muscle protein breakdown in rats. J Appl. Mawhinney, C. Changes in quadriceps femoris muscle perfusion following different degrees of cold-water immersion.

Influence of cold-water immersion on limb and cutaneous blood flow after exercise. McPhee, J. Post-exercise recovery regimes: blowing hot and cold.

Méline, T. Montgomery, P. The effect of recovery strategies on physical performance and cumulative fatigue in competitive basketball. Murray, A.

Pôle Tolérance Recovery nutrition for dancers et Vêtements, Conditioning drills for athletes de Recherches du Service Colld Santé des Armées. Nowdays, occupational aaptations recreational activities in cold environments Cold training adaptations common. Those physiological responses present a great variability among Cold training adaptations and Codl mainly on biometrical characteristics, Recovery nutrition for dancers, trakning general cold adaptation. General cold adaptations have been qualitatively classified by Hammel and quantitatively by Savourey. This last classification takes into account the quantitative changes of the main cold reactions: higher or lower metabolic heat production, higher or lesser heat losses and finally the level of the core temperature observed at the end of a standardized exposure to cold. General cold adaptations observed previously in natives could also be developed in laboratory conditions by continuous or intermittent cold exposures.