Importance of self-care for diabetes -
Type 2 Diabetes Self-Care: Blood Sugar, Mental Health, Medications, and Meals. Medically reviewed by Kelly Wood, MD — By Jennifer M. Edwards on September 7, Importance of T2D self-care Blood sugar Most common medications Food choices Getting diabetes education Mental health Takeaway The focus in managing type 2 diabetes includes blood sugar monitoring, taking your prescribed medications as needed, and working with a healthcare team on food choices, exercise planning, and mental health.
Why is type 2 diabetes management important? How often should you check your blood sugar with type 2 diabetes? What should your blood sugar levels be? Was this helpful? Most common type 2 diabetes medications. What foods should you eat with type 2 diabetes? Do I need diabetes education?
Developing a diabetes care plan You may need to work with a healthcare team to figure out a diabetes care plan that works best for you. What kind of mental health and psychosocial support is available? How we reviewed this article: Sources. Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations.
We avoid using tertiary references. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our editorial policy. Sep 7, Written By Jennifer M. Share this article. More in Managing Type 2 Diabetes with Food and Fitness How Many Carbs Should You Eat If You Have Diabetes?
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Medical News Today. Health Conditions Health Products Discover Tools Connect. How to manage diabetes. Medically reviewed by Maria Prelipcean, M. Self-monitoring Healthy weight Nutrition Exercise Stop smoking Take medication regularly Takeaway While there is no cure for diabetes, with treatment and self-management strategies, a person can live a long and healthy life.
Share on Pinterest People can self-monitor their diabetes with a blood glucose meter. Maintain a healthy weight. Get good nutrition.
Exercise regularly. Share on Pinterest Regular exercise may help control blood sugar levels. Stop smoking.
Take medication regularly. Share on Pinterest A person should take their diabetes medication as prescribed to prevent further complications. How we reviewed this article: Sources. Medical News Today has strict sourcing guidelines and draws only from peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical journals and associations.
We avoid using tertiary references. We link primary sources — including studies, scientific references, and statistics — within each article and also list them in the resources section at the bottom of our articles. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our editorial policy.
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Atlantic diet may help prevent metabolic syndrome. Related Coverage. How to control type 2 diabetes Medically reviewed by Kelly Wood, MD. How do you prevent type 2 diabetes? Medically reviewed by Deborah Weatherspoon, Ph. How to treat diabetes.
Medically reviewed by Alan Carter, PharmD. Ways to prevent gestational diabetes. Medically reviewed by Valinda Riggins Nwadike, MD, MPH. Visit the dentist every 6 months. Also, see your eye doctor once a year, or as often as instructed.
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. Facilitating Behavior Change and Well-being to Improve Health Outcomes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes Diabetes Care. PMID: pubmed. Retinopathy, Neuropathy, and Foot Care: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes Brownlee M, Aiello LP, Sun JK, et al.
Complications of diabetes mellitus. In: Melmed S, Auchus RJ, Goldfine AB, Koenig RJ, Rosen CJ , eds. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; chap Riddle MC, Ahmann AJ. Therapeutics of type 2 diabetes. Updated by: Sandeep K. Dhaliwal, MD, board-certified in Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Springfield, VA.
Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A. Editorial team. Type 2 diabetes - self-care.
Symptoms of Type 2 Diabetes. You may not have any symptoms. If you do have symptoms, they may include: Hunger Thirst Urinating a lot, getting up more often than usual at night to urinate Blurry vision More frequent or long lasting infections Trouble having an erection Trouble healing cuts on your skin Red skin rashes in parts of your body Tingling or loss of sensation in your feet.
Take Control of Your Diabetes. Steps include: Checking your blood sugar at home Keeping a healthy diet Being physically active Also, be sure to take any medicine or insulin as instructed.
These providers include a: Dietitian Diabetes pharmacist Diabetes educator. Eat Healthy Foods and Manage Your Weight. Regular exercise is good for people with diabetes. It lowers blood sugar. Exercise also: Improves blood flow Lowers blood pressure It helps burn extra fat so that you can keep your weight down.
Check Your Blood Sugar. Many people with type 2 diabetes need to check their blood sugar only once or twice a day. Some people need to check more often. If your blood sugar is in control, you may need to check your blood sugar only a few times a week.
The most important reasons to check your blood sugar are to: Monitor if the diabetes medicines you're taking have a risk of causing low blood sugar hypoglycemia. Use the blood sugar number to adjust the dose of insulin or other medicine you are taking. Use the blood sugar number to help you make good nutrition and activity choices to regulate your blood sugar.
You May Need Medicines. Learn to Prevent Long-term Problems of Diabetes. Medicines may include: An ACE inhibitor or another medicine called an ARB for high blood pressure or kidney problems. A medicine called a statin to keep your cholesterol low.
Aspirin to keep your heart healthy. Diabetes can cause foot problems.
Increasing fiber intake mellitus DM Increasing fiber intake a chronic progressive metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia mainly flr to absolute Type diabetfs DM or Impottance Type 2 DM deficiency Rest and Recovery Nutrition insulin hormone. Diaebtes Health Organization estimates self-ccare more than million people worldwide have DM. This number is likely Importajce more than double by without any intervention. The needs of diabetic patients are not only limited to adequate glycemic control but also correspond with preventing complications; disability limitation and rehabilitation. There are seven essential self-care behaviors in people with diabetes which predict good outcomes namely healthy eating, being physically active, monitoring of blood sugar, compliant with medications, good problem-solving skills, healthy coping skills and risk-reduction behaviors. All these seven behaviors have been found to be positively correlated with good glycemic control, reduction of complications and improvement in quality of life. Individuals with diabetes have been shown to make a dramatic impact on the progression and development of their disease by participating in their own care.Uncontrolled hyperglycaemia can lead to macro- and microvascular complications. Adolescents with T2DM develop similar sefl-care as in adults, including cardiovascular disease, stroke, myocardial infarction, renal insufficiency, diabeyes chronic renal failure. Although regular medical follow-up is essential to avoid long-term complications, patients with diabetes Orange Juice Benefits need to perform holistic self-care Extract competitor data such as opting for a healthy diet, physical eiabetes, self-monitoring, and proper medication.
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Such information is essential for healthcare providers in promoting self-care practices fro adolescents with T2DM. Fo thorough search of the literature was self-cade using three databases: Medline, Google Scholar, and Scopus.
The articles focused on ffor and Immune-boosting foods of adolescents patients with Pre-competition supplements aged between 12 and 19 years old self--care included.
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Diabetes dabetes DM is a metabolic disorder of multiple etiologies that is characterized by chronic Importance of self-care for diabetes due Black pepper extract for supporting healthy weight management impairments in insulin release, insulin actions or both.
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Plant-based desserts Association of Diabetes Educators AADE suggests that a person healthy lifestyle, diet, monitoring and self-czre of glucose Diaetes, and medication adherence Importamce be strictly followed self-csre diabetes patients Increasing fiber intake.
American Diabetes Association Ciabetes advocates that Hunger statistics worldwide loss, monitoring the diabees of carbohydrate, and fiber, restriction flr cholesterol, saturated fat, Natural fat burners fat, Quercetin and hormonal balance as the integral part of DM treatment 8.
In flr, it is suggested that patients required additional approaches sdlf-care address individual, family, and social practice to improve self-management 9. Self-care is defined as the care fpr incorporates any deliberate moves to look after physical, mental diabeetes emotional health. The patient decision and behavior that they Ginger essential oil in Nutritional counseling chronic disease selfc-are affects their well being is the best diabetea of self-management Self-care RMR and stress Body shape and waist-to-hip ratio a variety of self-cafe that includes food, exercise, Hydrating and plumping, emotion, sleep, and medical care Given the importance of self-care and self-management of diabetes is imperative for Increasing fiber intake DM patient, it is necessary to review the self-care practices among these patients.
Importance of self-care for diabetes fof focused on the impact of self-care and self-management among adolescents with T2DM aged between 12 Performance-enhancing supplements 19 years old.
Imoortance literature search was performed using Immportance electronic databases selv-care. Additional studies were identified from the bibliography of the articles.
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Diabetes self-caee is a transformative process of improvement of information Importancce the social surroundings by figuring out how to cope with the complex environment Powerful herbal energy It is essential to have reliable Astaxanthin and overall wellness substantial measures for self-care and self-management oc diabetes 14 diqbetes, Diabetes self-care behavior refers to the practices embraced by individuals with or at the risk of DM Chitosan for gut health order to manage Imortance disease effectively selv-care themselves Seven diagetes diabetic self-care practices include healthy diet, physically dynamic, glucose monitoring, proper medication, excellent problem-solving attitudes, sound adapting abilities, and risk-reduction All these selff-care self-care practices are associated with good glycaemic control, problem reduction and improvement in quality of life 16 The type o activities of self-care Craving-busting recipes self-management diaberes DM are self-cage in Table 1 18 diabeyes Obesity is the main self-csre for most adolescent Im;ortance with T2DM 21 Dietary intervention is a vital element for weight reduction in the management and treatment of obesity.
A few studies have focused on obesity management in children 23 Only a limited studies focused on the treatment and management of adolescent patients with T2DM that have incorporated dietary intervention in combination with exercise and behavioral strategies 25 — The findings from these studies showed negative results in regard to the impact of diet on treatment outcomes; however, the independent effects of dietary changes was not evaluated.
A recent study compared long-term reduced glycemic load diets with standard reduced-fat diet among obese adolescent patients.
It showed that reduced glycemic load diet can be a good substitute to a conventional reduced-fat diet for lowering diabetic complications in obese adolescents with T2DM Self-management of exercise and physical activity is an integral part of controlling diabetes and assisting with the movement of the skeletal muscle.
The major aims of exercise are to facilitate the regulation of blood glucose, improve insulin action, fat and protein metabolism, avoid diabetic complications, and enhance life expectance An article aims to equip the primary care providers with the current standard of care of T2DM management in youth emphasizes an management of goal of normalizing glycemia and HbA1c, enhancing diabetes self-management capacities, increasing exercise, reducing weight, and improving nutrition Adequate physical activity is associated with a lower HbA1c provided that it is coupled with dietary guidance Youth should understand the importance of routine exercise, which helps them to burn calories, lose excess weight, and control glucose levels The United States Department of Health and Human Services recommends exercise of at least 30 to 60 min, most days of the week, for overweight patients Proper management of diet is one of the barriers for diabetic adolescent patients.
For example, adolescents struggle to stay away from standard adolescent favorites, including fast food, fries, and sweets. The study also reported that mother's involvement in maintaining a healthy diet showed positive results in term of diabetes control and stress levels Adaptation of healthy lifestyle behavior may have a significant effect on the diabetes status of a patient.
The implementation of healthy lifestyle behavior among adolescent patients means better mental health and good glycemic status 36 Self-care support can be described as a group of people, including health-care professionals, family and friends, providing an individual with practical or emotional support To encourage patients to perform self-care activities, it is necessary to manage diabetes and to adapt to this devastating situation There is a paucity of studies investigating the impact of social involvement and self-care management of diabetes in young people with T2DM.
A study demonstrated that young people with diabetes encounter the same formative directions as healthy adolescents in physical, enthusiastic, social, and behavioral development, and thus family and peer group acceptance and support might be imperative for disease management 40 — The capacity of young people with T2DM to deal with their condition is affected by a scope of elements together with social, natural, and individual factors It is recommended that lifestyle modification for the management of T2DM in adolescents should be guided and monitored by family members, as better clinical outcomes can be achieved among those youths who involve both parents and themselves in diabetes management Studies by La Greca et al.
are among the earliest to indicate that overemphasis on urging youngsters to accomplish freedom in diabetes self-care may lead to worse clinical outcomes. Hence, utilizing a child's age alone as a manual to determine suitable self-care autonomy should be discouraged 44 An adolescent can face lots of difficulties in learning new things as their behavior following the diagnosis of diabetes may change remarkably.
During this stage, parental support and involvement are vital. Also, these young people normally expect full support from their family Psychological control harms children as it interrupts their self intellectual development; while, behavioral control benefits children because it gives them desirable guidance, without essentially inhibiting their individuation 47 Two studies demonstrated that regular monitoring and continued support from parents are essential, whereas the irregular involvement of parents in adolescent diabetes care can result in poor outcomes for diabetes management 49 Research has demonstrated that rebellious approaches to cope with diabetes are harder and associated with inferior psychosocial adjustment, and it may be that these adolescents have already negotiated a level of attachment that is comfortable for them, so family involvement does not interfere with their quality of life It is perceived that social support from family and friends can decrease the stress that young people with T2DM encounter.
Peer and parental support can indeed encourage young people with T2DM to perform self-care practices and alteration, adapt to a diabetes diagnosis, and engage in self-care practices. A study involving 74 adolescent diabetes patients was carried out to assess the support that adolescent patients received from their friends during treatment.
The impact of support from friends was not significant in the prolonged treatment but had a great impact on the adherence with blood-glucose monitoring A similar study was conducted to assess and analyze the effect of the support given by the family and companions for youngsters in diabetes care.
The study concluded that families pay more attention than friends in three different types of support insulin infusions, blood-glucose checking, and meals. However, in an emotional affair, adolescents get more support from friends rather than family The adolescent may not always feel comfortable discussing their disease with everyone.
Healthcare professionals could play an important role in supporting them to make friendly confessions about their condition with those close to them. Healthcare professionals could help young people in figuring out a way to discuss their disease management or ask their peers about the ideal approaches to assist them in managing their disease Moreover, this review highlights that the collaborative care is an important criterion of self-management for adolescent diabetes patients.
If all the supportive groups play their role, then it is easy for adolescents to manage their diabetes properly. The term self-management is frequently baffling as there is no generally acknowledged definition, and it is utilized to convey different ideas, for example, the guidance of self-care and self-management, patient activities, and self-management education Self-management education enhances control of T2DM, particularly when conveyed as short intercessions, enabling the patient to recollect and have a better blend of information The conventional educational forms of care that include instructing patients to enhance the awareness of health status provide a path to the present forms that focus on the behavioral and self-care advances aim to equip patients with the attitudes and strategies to advance and alter their behavior Self-management education is a community-oriented and continuing process expected to encourage the advancement of behaviors, knowledge, and abilities that are required for fruitful self-management of diabetes A multidisciplinary team is essential for the education program which involves educational supporters from hospitals and clinics, and the direct involvement of healthcare professionals.
The process of the education program ought to comply with the standards and terms stated by the National Standards for Diabetes Self-management Education, which aims to support and assist diabetes educatiors in providing good quality education and self-management support The American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists has recognized that Diabetes Self-Management Education DSME remains as a crucial feature of care for diabetes people.
In addition, DSME serves as an avenue for acquisition of knowledge, skills, abilities, and collaboration with other people, which are essential for engaging self-management of diabetes DSME programs help individuals to adapt to the psychological and physical needs of the disease, specifically the remarkable financial, social, and cultural conditions.
The principal objective of DSME is to enable patients to take control of their own condition by enhancing their insight and attitudes, so that, they can make knowledgeable decisions for self-guided behavior, changing their regular lives and eventually moderating the danger of complications Definite metabolic control and quality of life as well as the avoidance of complications are the ultimate aims specified by diabetes self-management education Knowledge of and information about the successful management and treatment of adult diabetes patients allow adjustments to be made in youth's management of diabetes.
The treatment and management guidance of adult patients needs to be translated and adapted by child patients. Though these guidance are easily translatable to older adolescents, physicians are often hesitant regarding how to treat and manage young children and adolescents with T2DM Through knowledge and education, individuals with DM can figure out how to make life decisions, and can discuss more with their clinicians to accomplish ideal glycemic control A study examined the impacts of a self-care education program on T2DM patients demonstrated that the program leads to an improvement in state of mind and behavior, and fewer complexities, and thus leads to an improved mental and physical quality of life.
Several authors have discussed that diabetes self-management education is provided to control the disease including monitoring of emergencies such as hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia.
: Importance of self-care for diabetes| The Role of Self-Care in Diabetes Management | Kassahun T, Gesesew H, Mwanri L, Eshetie T. Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. Key elements can include the cost of treatment and difficulties with healthcare providers and the healthcare system. Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link. However, in fulfilling these responsibilities, they did not view themselves as actively participating in their treatment, at least not continuously. Address correspondence to Beulette Y. |
| Type 2 diabetes - self-care: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia | Self-management in type 2 diabetes: the adolescent perspective. Nevertheless, the majority of adolescent patients with T2DM are associated to families with sedentary daily routines, high-fat diets, and poor food habits who often have a family history of diabetes. Copy to clipboard. Mahajerin A, Fras A, Vanhecke TE, Ledesma J. Available online at: ssrn. Also, see your eye doctor once a year, or as often as instructed. |
| Role of self-care in management of diabetes mellitus | Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders | Likewise, WHO has also recognized the importance of patients learning to manage their diabetes[ 36 ]. The capacity of young people with T2DM to deal with their condition is affected by a scope of elements together with social, natural, and individual factors Nolte E, Knai C, Saltman R. View author publications. However, they had difficulties in describing what is lacking, suggesting that they do not know what exactly is missing or how support could be improved. |
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Baraz S, Zarea K, Shahbazian HB. Impact of the self-care education program on quality of life in patients with type II diabetes. Diabetes Metab Syndr. Torres HDC, Pereira FRL, Alexandre LR. Evaluation of the educational practices in promoting self-management in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Rev Esc Enferm. Peros J, James K, Nolan S, Meyerhoff B. Diabetes Self-Management Education DSME Program for Glycemic Control. Doctor Nurs Pract. Deakin T, McShane CE, Cade JE, Williams RD. Group based training for self-management strategies in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus Review. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Liu Y, Han Y, Shi J, Li R, Li S, Jin N, et al. Effect of peer education on self-management and psychological status in type 2 diabetes patients with emotional disorders. J Diabetes Investig. Wong K, Potter A, Mulvaney S, Russell WE, Schlundt DG, Rothman RL. Pediatric endocrinologists' management of children with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care —4. Mulvaney SA, Mudasiru E, Schlundt DG, Baughman CL, Fleming M, VanderWoude A, et al. Self-management in type 2 diabetes: the adolescent perspective. Copeland KC, Silverstein J, Moore KR, Prazar GE, Raymer T, Shiffman RN, et al. Management of newly diagnosed type 2 Diabetes Mellitus T2DM in children and adolescents. Keywords: diabetes, type 2 diabetes mellitus, adolescent diabetes, self-care, self-management. Citation: Eva JJ, Kassab YW, Neoh CF, Ming LC, Wong YY, Abdul Hameed M, Hong YH and Sarker MMR Self-Care and Self-Management Among Adolescent T2DM Patients: A Review. Received: 04 March ; Accepted: 06 August ; Published: 18 October Copyright © Eva, Kassab, Neoh, Ming, Wong, Abdul Hameed, Hong and Sarker. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY. 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Decide to be physically active. This helps you keep your cholesterol, blood pressure, and blood sugar under control. Take your medications. You can all take your medications as instructed by your healthcare team, and keep track of your blood sugar levels on your own. Keep a log book. You can learn which numbers are important for telling you how well you are doing and then watch them improve over time by keeping a log book of your A1C, blood pressure, cholesterol, and so on. Take the book along to your appointments so you can discuss changes or new instructions with your healthcare team. Watch for symptoms or changes in your health. You can learn which symptoms or changes are important for you to watch out for and tell your doctor about. Talk with your healthcare team if you feel overwhelmed or unable to manage one or more aspects of your diabetes management. Ask questions when you are not sure about something. Talk with others who are living well with diabetes and kidney disease. |
| For more information | These practices will help you manage the emotional and mental toll of living with the condition and improve your quality of life. This way, you build resilience and reduce stress and anxiety by prioritising your mental health. Your healthcare team plays a critical role in your diabetes management, but they can only help you as much as the information you provide them. Effective self-care practices give you valuable insights and data about your condition. On the other hand, it assists your healthcare team to make more informed decisions about your treatment plan. By tracking your blood sugar levels, physical activity, food intake, and emotional well-being, you provide your healthcare team with a comprehensive understanding of your diabetes management. This information gives them the ability to identify areas for improvement, make adjustments to your medication regimen, and provide personalized guidance on self-care practices. Strive to build self-care practices and do them on a daily basis as they help you manage your condition more effectively and improve your quality of life. It provides healthcare professionals with valuable information about your daily routines and habits, which reflects in developing personalized treatment plans and making more informed decisions about your therapy. Self-care practices also allow you to take control of your health and make positive changes to your lifestyle. Overall, self-care is a critical component of diabetes management and a necessary part of achieving better outcomes for people with diabetes. Your email address will not be published. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Post comment. Whitepaper: Diabetes and its Effects on Every System in the Body. Get ypour FREE copy now! Skip to content. The Role of Self-Care in Diabetes Management. But what exactly is self-care in diabetes management, and why is it important? What is Self-Care? Diabetes Self-Management Education DSME First, you need to be trained on how to manage your type of diabetes best. Some key topics covered in DSME programs include: Understanding the different types of diabetes and their effects on the body The importance of regular blood glucose monitoring and interpreting the results Developing a personalised meal plan based on individual needs and preferences The benefits of regular physical activity and how to incorporate it into daily routines Recognizing and managing the signs and symptoms of high and low blood sugar levels Identifying and managing stress and other emotional issues related to diabetes Proper use of medications and insulin therapy, if applicable These programs often include individualised assessments, goal setting, problem-solving, and ongoing support from qualified professionals. Gaining a Better Overview of Blood Sugar Levels Over Time Managing blood sugar levels is a crucial aspect of diabetes self-care. Physical Self-Care Physical self-care is essential for maintaining good health and managing diabetes effectively. Regular physical activity has numerous benefits for people with diabetes, including: Improved insulin sensitivity, which helps the body use insulin more effectively Lower blood sugar levels and better overall blood sugar control Increased energy and reduced fatigue Weight management, which reduces the risk of diabetes-related complications Lower blood pressure and cholesterol levels, reducing the risk of heart disease Experts recommend 3 at least minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity exercise per week, along with muscle-strengthening activities on two or more days per week. Mental Self-Care Mental self-care involves taking care of your mental and emotional health. Some effective mental self-care strategies for people with diabetes include: Practicing mindfulness e. Yoga, Journaling, Breathing Methods, Meditation etc. to increase awareness and reduce stress Seeking professional help, such as counselling or therapy, to address emotional challenges related to diabetes Engaging in hobbies and activities that bring you joy and relaxation Building a solid support network of your family, friends, and fellow people with diabetes Prioritizing sleep and maintaining a consistent sleep schedule to promote mental and emotional well-being These practices will help you manage the emotional and mental toll of living with the condition and improve your quality of life. Enriched Information for Your Healthcare Team Your healthcare team plays a critical role in your diabetes management, but they can only help you as much as the information you provide them. Conclusion Strive to build self-care practices and do them on a daily basis as they help you manage your condition more effectively and improve your quality of life. 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Determinants of readiness for adopting healthy lifestyle behaviors among indigenous adolescents with type 2 diabetes in Manitoba, Canada: a cross-sectional study. Obesity Res J. Berkowitz RI, Marcus MD, Anderson BJ, Delahanty L, Grover N, Kriska A, et al. Adherence to a lifestyle program for youth with type 2 diabetes and its association with treatment outcome in the TODAY clinical trial. Int Soc Pediatr Adolesc Diabetes —8. Health Quality Ontario. Behavioural interventions for type 2 diabetes an evidence based analysis. Ontario Health Technol Assess Ser. Franek J. Self-management support interventions for persons with chronic disease an evidence-based analysis. Christie D, Viner R. ABC of adolescence Adolescent development. BMJ —4. Taylor RM, Gibson F, Franck LS. The experience of living with a chronic illness during adolescence: a critical review of the literature. J Clin Nurs. Lipton R, Drum M, Burnet D, Mencarini M, Cooper A, Rich B. Self-reported social class, self-management behaviors, and the effect of diabetes mellitus in urban, minority young people and their families. Flint A, Arslanian S. Treatment of type 2 diabetes in youth. Diabetes Care 34 Suppl. La Greca AM, Follansbee D, Skyler JS. Developmental and behavioral aspects of diabetes management in youngsters. Childrens Health Care —9. Follansbee DS. Assuming responsibility for diabetes management: what age? What price? Mahajerin A, Fras A, Vanhecke TE, Ledesma J. Assessment of knowledge, awareness, and self-reported risk factors for type II diabetes among adolescents. J Adolesc Health — Wang Q, Pomerantz EM, Chen H. The role of parents' control in early adolescents' psychological functioning: a longitudinal investigation in the United States and China. Child Dev. Beck KH, Boyle JR. Parental monitoring and adolescent alcohol risk in a clinic population. Am J Health Behav. Krenke IS. The highly structured climate in families of adolescents with diabetes: functional or dysfunctional for metabolic control? Grey M, Boland EA, Yu C. Personal and family factors associated with quality of life in adolescents with diabetes. Diabetes Care — Bearman KJ, La Greca AM. Assessing friend support of adolescents' diabetes care: the diabetes social support questionnaire-friends version. La Greca AM, Auslander WF, Greco P, Spetter D, Fisher EB Jr, Santiago JV. I get by with a little help from my family and friends: adolescents' support for diabetes care. Brouwer AM, Salamon KS, Olson KA, Fox MM, Yelich-Koth SL, Fleischman KM. Adolescents and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a qualitative analysis of the experience of social support. Clin Pediatr. Minet L, Moller S, Vach W, Wagner L, Henriksen JE. Mediating the effect of self-care management intervention in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of 47 randomised controlled trials. Patient Educ Couns. Forjuoh SN, OryMG, Jiang L, Vuong AM, Bolin JN. Impact of chronic disease self-management programs on type 2 diabetes management in primary care. World J Diabetes — Haas L, Maryniuk M, Beck J, Cox CE, Duker P, Edwards L, et al. National standards for diabetes self-management education and support. Research suggests that, among people with excess weight, modest, consistent weight loss can help manage type 2 diabetes and slow the rate at which prediabetes becomes diabetes. They also noted that making dietary adjustments can lower glycated hemoglobin levels by 0. Nutrition therapy can also lead to improvements in the quality of life. To facilitate these lifestyle adjustments, the ADA recommend consulting a registered dietitian with expertise in diabetes and weight management. Following a meal plan can be among the most challenging aspects of diabetes self-management. Developing a plan with a registered dietitian who is knowledgeable about diabetes-specific nutrition can help. For some people, dietary changes alone are not enough to control blood sugar levels. Diabetes is a progressive disease, which means that it can worsen over time. The ADA recommend using a combination of medication and nutrition therapy to reach blood sugar targets. The basis of meal planning involves portion control and favoring healthful foods. The diabetes plate method is one tool designed to help people control their calorie and carbohydrate intakes. It involves mentally dividing the plate into three sections. Half of the plate should contain nonstarchy vegetables , a quarter can contain grain-based and starchy foods, and the remaining quarter should contain protein. Research has shown that exercise can help control blood sugar levels, reduce cardiovascular risk factors, promote weight loss, and improve well-being. Researchers behind one study found that engaging in a structured exercise program for at least 8 weeks lowered glycated hemoglobin levels by an average of 0. The ADA recommend exercising for at least 10 minutes per session and getting a total of at least 30 minutes of exercise on most days of the week. If a person exercises every day — or lets no more than 2 days pass between workouts — this may help reduce insulin resistance. Members of a diabetes healthcare team can help develop and tailor an exercise plan that is safe and effective. In addition to exercising regularly, it is important to avoid spending long periods in a seated position. Breaking up sedentary periods every 30 minutes can help with controlling blood sugar. The ADA advise all people with prediabetes or diabetes to avoid tobacco products, including e-cigarettes. People with diabetes who smoke have higher risks of cardiovascular disease , premature death, and diabetes complications , as well as less blood sugar control, compared with people who do not smoke. If a person with diabetes does not take their medication as recommended by a doctor, it can lead to:. A diverse range of issues can contribute to medication nonadherence. Some may relate to psychological, demographic, and social factors. Key elements can include the cost of treatment and difficulties with healthcare providers and the healthcare system. Doubt about the seriousness of diabetes and the effectiveness of a treatment plan can keep a person from taking their medication, and this can lead to complications. Nonadherence seems to be more common among people who have chronic diseases with symptoms that are not obvious. Also, complex treatment plans can be challenging to follow. The quality of the patient-doctor relationship is often a key factor in nonadherence. Likewise, it is important to raise concerns about diabetes treatment with the doctor, who can adjust the plan to help ensure that targets are being met and no complications develop. Researchers have estimated that the collective cost of medication nonadherence for diabetes, high blood pressure , and high cholesterol in the U. Diabetes is not curable, but a person can help manage it at home. This often involves following nutrition and medication plans. |
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